• bipolar
• influenced by enlightenment, french revolution, and napoleon
• saw the things he was influenced by as anti-christian
• beause a follower of metternich
• ended toleration of political opposition
• increased censorship

• after alex i's death, young army officers began to revolt
• these officers were liberals who called of a constituion and an end to serfdom
• the throne went to the youngest brother
• revolt was poorly planned and easily defeated

Nicholas I

• hated liberal ideas and terrified of the revolution
• created the stronest reactionary or conservative state in europ
• policy of orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationalism
• would lead to russification

• they are the two major schools of reformist thought
• westerners were russians who believed that Russia should follow the model of western europe
• both groups were afainst arbitrary rule, wanted to end serfom and call for freedom of speech

• most prominent radical during this period
• wanted a peasant revolution and called for village communes to form the future cooperatice socialist state
• left russia, and was sent to exile in western europe
• created a russian language journal called, Kolokol

• known as the Tsar Liberator
• said that serfdom had been eliminated
• emancipation edict of 1861
• zemstvo law
• reform of municipal government

• created a syctem of elected rural assemblies
• to be responsible for primary schools, local roads, local welfar

• land and liberty was the secret society created by middle class radicals
• the populists went into the countryside and worked to organize the peasants as a recolutionary force, the peasants did not respond and often betrayed the populists to the police
• divided into many groupds
• organized the People's will
• believed the acts of terrorism would force the govt to make changes, in fact the terrorism would lead to more govt repression, planned attempts on lives of important govt officials and the czars
• Nihilists rejected the idea of compromise with the system and accepted the violence
• Alex II signed a decree allowing representatives of the zemstvos to work with the council of state in creating new laws
• that same day he was assassinated

• autocracy, orthodoxy, nationalism, russification of minorities
• pogroms are anti jewish riots
• protocols of the elders or zion (one of the biggest forgeries written by the secret police

• goal was to organize the industrial workers into a revolutionary force
• the social democratic party would split into mensheviks and bolsheviks

• bloody sunday
• father gapon led people to the winter palace where the people sang god save the czar
• the troops opened fire killing 70 people

feb/march revolution

• women were involved in the strikes and protests
• nicholas ordered the troops to stop the revolts
• many of the troops joined the revolution
• provisional govt was led by kerensky

he decided to continue the far and that faced opposition from the soviets

treaty of brest-litovsk

• lenin who had promised peace, had no choice but to sign
• russia gave up eastern poland, the ukraine, finlad, and the baltic provinces
• lenin believed the spread of te communist revolution would make the treaty irrelevant

• bourgeois and aristocratic liberals
• anti leninist socialists
• allied troops that had landed

how did the bolsheviks win?

• all major industries were nationalized
• private trade was prohibited
• forced grain seizures
• created the supreme economic council to run the economy

results of war communism

• was a desperate effort to gather resources to win the civil war
• had to ruthlessly use terror, police repression, and propaganda to get enough resources to win
• brought economic and social upheaval
• class war
• agricultural and industrial production declined
• transportation and communication systems collapsed
• famine killed many people
• industrial output was at 20%