Term
| The "New Economic Policy" ("NEP") Dates |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Allowed for the spontaneous development of limited capitalism (mainly among the farming peasantry) for the sake of jump-starting the dead economy. Result of the enormous social and economic devastation caused by the Civil War together with the failure of proletarian revolutions in large countries such as Germany. Lenin. |
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Term
| Year Stalin became General Secretary of the Communist Party |
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Definition
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Term
| What is General Secretary of the Communist Party? |
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Definition
| Not a prestigious position, but it gave Joseph Stalin effective control over appointments and promotions of personnel within the party, thereby allowing him to surround himself with his own personal supporters. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What happened after Lenin died? |
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Definition
| Uncertainty within the party about its future leadership, and an inner-party struggle between Stalin and Trotsky of the "Left Opposition." |
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Term
| What did the "Left Opposition" call for? |
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Definition
| Greater democracy within the party and immediate curbs on the rapid growth of bureaucracy and opportunistic careerism. |
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Definition
| He attacked Trotsky for violating the prohibition against oppositionist blocs within the party. Critics like Trotsky were formally expelled from the Party. Repressive measures against "oppositionists" soon followed. Assassinated in Mexico in 1940. |
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Term
| When was Stalin in power? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the "Five-Year Plan" call for? |
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Definition
| Rapid industrialization and the "collectivization" of agriculture. The violent requisition of land, grain, livestock and farm equipment from individual peasants (who had recently been given more freedom under NEP) caused chaos in the countryside. |
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Term
| What was the peasant response to the forced collective farm system? |
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Definition
| Many peasants resisted or destroyed their own property, resulting in Stalin calling for the "liquidation of the kulaks ['rich' peasants] as a class." By 1933 up to five million individuals, mostly peasants, lost their lives through repressions, deportations, widespread famine and disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Komsomol. Prepared for a career in the Communist Party. Russian industrial development under Stalin's rule made some progress thanks to enormous sacrifice and enthusiasm of the new "Soviet" generation. Millions of Soviet workers contributed eagerly to the "building of socialism." |
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| Posed a threat to Stalin's popularity, who was already losing popularity because of his disastrous agricultural policy. |
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Term
| When was Kirov assassinated? |
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Definition
| December 1934, by a "terrorist." |
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Term
| What two things gave Stalin an opportunity to give sweeping new power to his reorganized secret police force? |
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Definition
| Hitler's fascists ("Nazi" party) in Germany & Kirov's murder |
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Term
| What was the name of Stalin's secret police force? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did the N.K.V.D. conduct a relentless campaign to combat the potential formation of underground, anti-Soviet "terrorist" organizations (counter-revolutionary conspiracies, assassination plots, etc.) within the Soviet Union? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1936, 1937 & 1938. Three highly publicized trials of suspected "Trotskyists" and other "counter-revolutionary" elements, all of whom, in fact, were loyal veterans of the Party. |
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Term
| "Article 58" of the Soviet criminal code ("counter-revolutionary activity") |
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Definition
| Legal pretext for the mass arrest of innocent citizens, most of whom perished in what became known later as the Great Terror of 1936-39. |
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| Stalin's loyal ally. Led the N.K.V.D. Arrested well over a million individuals for "counter-revolutionary" activity in the height of the Great Terror in 1937-38. |
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| Soviet Russian intellectual figure, writer. Arrested 1939, shot 1940. |
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Term
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Definition
| One million individuals were sent to these prison camps during the "Terror" by the N.K.V.D. |
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Term
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Definition
| Survived 8 years in the GULAG and wrote well-known fiction based on their experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Official close of the GULAGs |
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Definition
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Term
| Sofia Petrovna author/publication dates? |
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Definition
| Chukovskaya. Written 1939-40; First published in Paris 1965; First published in Russia 1988. |
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Term
| Fate of a Man author/ publication dates? |
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Definition
| Sholokhov. Written and published in Russia 1956-57. |
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Term
| In the First Circle author/ publication dates? |
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Definition
| Solzhenitsyn. Original version written 1955-58; Revised/shorter version published outside Russia in 1968; original/longer version finally published in Russia in 1990. |
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Term
| What year does the story in Sofia Petrovna open? |
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Definition
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Term
| Second wave of arrests in Sofia Petrovna? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is Gerasimov arrested? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is Sofia Petrovna's son? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is Kolya's best friend? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is Sofia Petrovna's close friend at work? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who tells his story to the narrator in Fate of a Man? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is the little boy with Andrei as he tells his story? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When does the action in In the First Circle take place? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| people turning in other people during the Great Terror to get their jobs |
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Term
| What year does Hitler attack the Soviet Union? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does Fate of a Man take place? |
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Definition
| Spring 1946. Time of renewal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Realism in a sense that is Pro-Communist and Pro-State |
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Term
| what is the acoustics lab working on? |
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Definition
| the vocoder. wire-tapping device. focus on the quality of speech. Rubin, Nerzhin, Pryanchikov, Serafima. |
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Term
| what is lab #7 working on? |
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Definition
| Creating a personal scrambler for Stalin. Mamurin, Potapov, Bobynin, Khorobrov. |
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Term
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Definition
| Die-hard Communist thinker, clings to the idea that the state is defending a progressive idea. |
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Definition
| Skeptical, not an anti-Communist. |
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Definition
| Anti-Communist, enemy of the state. |
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Definition
| Bureaucrat who organizes Nerzhin's meeting with his wife. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bureaucrat who organizes Nerzhin's meeting with his wife. |
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Definition
| Former glass blower, then yard worker. Bad eyesight. Sologdin looks down on him because he’s really from peasant stock. Folsky, country. Voice of peasant wisdom who stands apart from intellectual debates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Makes the best of prison life. Chops wood when it’s still early, cold. Unusual. Exertion of energy most of the others don’t have to spare. Uses “language of ultimate clarity.” Avoids words of foreign origin. Punishes himself, keeps a tally of when he uses these words. Slavophile gesture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wanders along the bank of the Moscow River instead of having his driver take him home. Realizes he’s on the steps of where a church used to stand. Remembers a woman, Agniya. She came from a family tradition of defending the persecuted. Resists the modern trend. Recalls this because he himself is on the verge of facing persecution. Yakonov becomes a lot more human here. |
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Term
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Definition
o Longevity: Eternal youth
o Trust: Becomes almost pathological. Paranoia.
• Stalin trusted Hitler. Refers to 1940 Non-Aggression Pact.
o Love of “the people”.
o “Vigilance” against “enemies.” What he considers himself to be particularly good at. Absolute intolerance.
o Stalinist “socialism.” |
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Definition
| Everyone sort of fears him. He fears nobody. Great engineer. They need him. Every once in a while, Solzhenitsyn puts in a philosophical idea. |
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Definition
| Burning with indignation, concerted effort to keep it all in. Arrested after writing in a name on a ballot, the security system traced his handwriting. Fields are going unplowed, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| (former colonel, arrested, scared to kill him): Very enthusiastic, wants to get in Stalin’s good graces. |
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Definition
Minister of State Security. Militaristic background. Fourth grade education. He was in the SMERSH unit. Made his way up there. Great skill of interrogation. In charge of telephone. Has to squeeze minor officials:
o Oskolupov
o Selivanovsky |
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Definition
| makes cigarette cases. Reason he survived. |
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Term
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Definition
• Meets his wife.
• His wife is much less supportive than Nadya.
• Makes a comparison to the wives of the 60 Decembrists who were exiled to Siberia. Had the means to go on with their lives, but many went to Siberia. Ideals versus reality of sacrifice. |
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Term
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Definition
• Anonymity: Can’t let anyone know she’s married to Nerzhin.
• Career/ Education
• They still love each other, but she wants to get divorced.
• Sad. |
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Term
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Definition
Makarygin family. Calls the American embassy. Married to Dotnara.
• Makarygin party
• Hedonistic: approach to life. Taking in all of the pleasures that are available to you.
• Epicurian.
• World of art: Aesthetic component of the rich intellectual life. Never seen someone so passionately interested in the world of abstract art. What he sees in his mother’s things, that he has no ability to have. Becomes critical of his wife.
• Goes to see his uncle, “Uncle Avenir.” Sees that he has a shabby house, wants to leave. Innokenti discovers that he’s against the government. Complement to his mother that he learns about through her archive. Part of Volodin’s history, what’s driven him to where he is now.
• Goes to a party in the next chapter. Someone invites a top General, and Innokenti and Galakhov (famous writer) were invited. Innokenti feels safer at the party because he realizes he is less likely to be arrested. The more successful Galakhov gets, the more carefully he has to write. |
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Term
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Definition
| Makarygin family. Calls the American embassy. Married to Dotnara. |
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Term
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Definition
| Volodin's niece. Works in the vacuum tube lab. |
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Term
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Definition
| Doronin is madly in love with her. He was a passport forger, petty state criminal. Talks to Klara, she listens. Studies literature. Compares the books she reads in school “socialist realism” with reality. Critique on literature of the time. |
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Term
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Definition
• Zek, lives with the other zeks. More or less a permanent worker there.
• Nerzhin runs into him when he wants to be alone after seeing his wife.
• Represents the theme through the novel of seeing the world through art. Klara’s reflections on books she has to read, K-I of graphic/visual art, music references.
• “Socialist realism.” Looking at the world not only how it is today, but what it’s becoming. Becoming socialist perfection. Very idealistic. This artist is very much like that in style and in his outlook.
• Interested in chivalry, knightliness. Artistically and philosophically interested in this. Shows Nerzhin his picture of the holy grail. |
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| Imprisoned under the Germans, not seen as a hero. |
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Trotskyite. A bit aloof from some of the other zeks. More critical of some of the other complaints and aspirations of some of the other zeks.
• Very much for social equality. Opposed to Sologdin, who is an elitist. Vigorous anti-Marxist.
o “Being determines consciousness, or the other way around.” Marxist notion, Sologdin opposes it. Basically means you’re a product of your environment. Precisely the logic that the Russian revolution is built on. Sologdin thus tries to make the best of his prison situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fine line between teaching someone something and shoving it down their throat |
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Term
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Definition
• “Anti-Cosmopolitanism.” Becomes a smokescreen for anti-Semitism. Many Jews are arrested for being cosmopolitanists. Stalin’s newest group of enemies. Roitman becomes aware of this, despite the fact that he’s been a good citizen he’s Jewish.
• Revolution was all about transnationalism, and overcoming all different nationalistic boundaries. Over 100 nationalities were in Russia, big issue to overcome. Many of the top-ranking Bolsheviks were of Jewish background. Something the counter-revolutionists tried to exploit was anti-Semitism.
• Roitman is a genuine scientist, more educated and able to oversee serious scientific work. Pryanchikov is taken away from his lab, and so his lab is starting to fall apart but he can’t say anything because Yakonov is above him. |
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