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| How did Khrushchev rise to power? |
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Definition
| Fought in the Red Army, brought into the party in the 1920s. The party sent him to school in Moscow (he was an undereducated peasant), was put in charge of the eastern third of Poland, and rose from general to three-star political general. |
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| Intended to remove French presence in Asia. The Soviet Union became part of the Big 4, replacing Italy. 1954-1955. Khrushchev is part of the negotiations. |
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| A term coined during the build-up of the Cold War, referring to capitalist nations. |
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| A term coined during the build-up of the Cold War, referring to socialist nations. The USSR tried to convince people that socialism works wonders. |
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| A term coined during the build-up of the Cold War, referring to former colonies just getting on their feet. Led by India and Yugoslavia. |
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| USSR/Yugoslavia relations |
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| Lots of tension. Yugoslavia holds a grudge against Stalin and the Soviet Union. |
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| The first conference since Stalin's reign. Khrushchev makes a secret speech attacking Stalin. |
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| Khrushchev's secret speech |
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| A shocking speech delivered by Khrushchev at the XX Party Conference praising Stalin's accomplishments, but attacking his lack of trust and "cult of personality". |
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| Reactions to Khrushchev's secret speech |
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Definition
| Georgia is outraged (Stalin was Georgian). Poland begins returning prisoners to power. Hungary follows the Polish example. |
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| Austria becomes a neutral, non-aligned country in 1955. Hungarians want to follow Austrian example, which upsets the soviets. Hungarians riot against the soviets, who pull out for a week. The soviets, however, decide that letting go of Hungary will cause other nations to stray as well, and reinvade. No one comes to Hungary's aid because of the conflict in Suez. The soviets put down the Hungarian riots. |
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| A group of Stalinists (Molotov, Kaganovich, Malenkov, and Bulganin) who are angry with Khrushchev and try to replace him after his secret speech. The group calls for a vote, thinking they have the majority, but Khrushchev has people flown in to vote for him and keeps his job. He fires everyone in the group. |
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| A Soviet satellite launched into space in October 1957. US claims this wouldn't have been possible without their use of captured German scientists, but the US has more German scientists than the USSR does. |
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| Comes to power in Cuba in January, 1959. He did not agree with the Cuban Communist Party, but believed Cuba should follow the Soviet model. |
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| He visited the US, and Eisenhower asked him to attend the Camp David peace accords. He comes back from his visit and tries to reform Soviet agriculture by focusing on growing corn. |
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| Happened in 1961, decided to remove Stalin's name. Took his body out of the mausoleum and buried it instead, took down all statues of him, and renamed anything named for him. |
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| Elected prime minister of the Belgian Congo after it gains independence. Supported Soviet interests. Was kidnapped and tortured to death by associates of the CIA. |
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| Went against capitalist interests by wanting to keep the Congo together. Also taken out by the CIA. |
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| (Also known as Caribbean Missile Crisis) Castro believes the CIA wants to kill him, and commissions missiles from the Soviet Union. Because of US missiles stationed in Turkey, the Soviets agree. The US, prepared to bomb their opposition, finds out about the missiles, leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis. |
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| Attempted to reorganize the party structure in 1962, followed by a bad harvest in 1963 where the USSR was importing more grain than they were exporting. |
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| Replaced Khrushchev after his retirement in 1964. |
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| The idea of using huge projects and reforms to solve problems. |
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1. Desacralized the Stalin myth
2. Did not escape sturmovshchina
3. Improved peasants' lives
4. Provided housing and consumer goods to solve the housing crisis
5. Began cultural contacts with the outside world
6. Provided relief from 20th century trauma |
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| Second secretary of the communist party. Resisted Khrushchev's revisionary government, and refused to meet with non-communists. After his death in the 80s, things immediately began to change. Could be compared to Robespierre in the French revolution. |
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| Consumerism began taking over Europe in the 50s. The USSR was planned around everyone having "enough", and wasn't able to handle everyone indulging in consumerism. |
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| How did the USSR attempt to deal with consumerism? |
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| Cities were built around public transportation, but consumerism brought the desire for cars with it. The USSR bought the equipment from an old Fiat factory in an attempt to start building cars. |
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| A very functional and basic car designed to run on Russian roads. Called the Zhiguli in the USSR, a few models were sold abroad as the Lada. |
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| Created a new stage between socialism and communism, "developed socialism", that Marx had never written about. Also called the Brezhnev Constitution. Meant to show the population that communism was well on its way. |
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