Popular Sovereignty

the government can only govern with the consent of the governed

Limited Government

Separation of Powers

the legislative, judicial, and executive branches were created >> limit power & tyranny

Checks and Balances

guarantees that no part of government becomes too powerful

Federalism

the division of political power among a national & state government

Executive Powers

appoint federal judges; grant pardons, reprieves, & commute sentences; ability to veto or partially veto any bill; propose laws; call special sessions; negotiate treaties; commander & chief of military; can appoint federal officials

Legislative Powers

can override the presidential veto (2/3); impeachment >> hold trial; ratify treaties; power to declare war; confirm presidential appointments; impeach federal judges; establish courts & set judge #s

Judicial Powers

House of Representatives

-at least 25+

-U.S. citizen for 7+

-cannot inhabit state to represent

-2 year term

-1+ per state

-sole power: impeachment

-435

Senate

-at least 30+

-U.S. citizen for 9+

-must inhabit state to represent

-6 year term

-2 from each state

-100

Impeachment

to be brought up on charges >> illegal

-51 jurors needed to convict

-punishment: removal of office and disqualification for future

Enumerated Powers

-collect taxes, duties, imposts & exercises to pay debts of country

-regulate commerce with foreign nations among state & Indian Tribes

-establish post offices & post roads

-raise & support an army

-borrow money on credit of the U.S.

- coin money value & regulate standard of measure

-declare war

-provide & maintain a navy

Ex Post Facto

retrospect effect

Bills of Attainder

legislative act that singles out an individual/group for punishment without trial

Writ of Habeas Corpus

a writ ensuring a prisoner to be brought before a judge

Congressional Sessions

-1x a year >> 2 in 2 years

-quorum: gathering the minimal # of members to conduct business

-Supreme Court decides disputes between Congressional qualifications

-the House & Senate can punish & expel members

Federal Powers

(National Government)

-coin $

-make treaties

-declare war

-regulate interstate commerce

-raise an army

-trade

-national parks

-naturalization

Reserved Powers

(State Government)

-issue licenses

-regulate interstate business

-conduct elections

-establish local government

-ratify amendments

-take measures for public health & safety

Concurrent Powers

(National & State)

-court systems

-tax (except FL & TX)

-court trials

-build roads

-borrow $

-make & enforce laws

-charter banks & corporations

-spend $ on general welfare

-take private property for public purpose

Supremacy Clause

city & county charters/ordinances >> state statutes >> state constitutions >> act of congress/treaties >> U.S. constitution

Supreme Law of the Land

-constitution is the highest law of the land

-no laws from federal, state or local can oppose the constitution

-hierarchy under constitution

Presidential Job Description

-chief of state

-chief of executive

-chief administrator

-chief diplomat

-commander in chief

-chief legislator

-chief of party

-chief citizen

McCulloch v. Maryland (1810)

-Second Bank of the U.S. - 1816 >> inflation

-each branch had to pay taxes

-cashier, McCulloch didn't pay the tax

-tax deemed unconstititional

-paved the way for separation of powers

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

-Ogden obtained a state license to operate steam-powered ferryboats on the Hudson

-Gibbons acquired a coasting license under the federal govt. >> Ogden wanted it revoked

-all in and out of state licenses were accepted

-Supremacy Clause challenged

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

-7/8th Caucasian man ordered to sit in black car in LA

-ruling: LA was in its rights to segregate

-segregation was a "legal form" of discrimination

Greek Foundation

-city state (governed by the people)

-direct democracy (men vote)

Roman Foundation

-republic (elected representatives)

-representative democracy

Magna Carta

English >> limited power of monarchy - power to the people (Congress)

Petition of Right

1628

basic human rights - Habeas Corpus: trial rights

(1st amendment)

English Bill of Rights

(1689)

representative government - rule of law decreased power of monarchy (2 houses)

French & Indian War

(1754-1763)

-Great Britain & colonists v.

French & Native Americans

-power struggle of America (North)

-colonists lost respect for British military power

-British began to tax

Sugar Act

1764

-lowered duty on foreign molasses >> raised $

-"No taxation without representation"

-this wasn't liked/unwelcomed

Stamp Act

1765

-a bill intended to raise $ from the colonists >> direct tax on printed goods

-negative response: protests & boycotts

Quartering Act

1765

-required the colonies to provide housing & supplies for British soldiers

-negative response: unpopular, complaints but went along with it

Declaratory Act

1766

-repealed the Stamp Act but asserted Parliament's right to rule colonies

-not liked...

Townshend Acts

1767

-import tax on goods to support royal officials in colonies >>glass, lead, paint, paper, tea

-so unpopular >> repealed & boycotted

Tea Act

1773

-created to save the East India Trading Company

-unpopular

Intolerable Acts

1774

-force Massachusetts to pay for tea

-everything run through British government >> first continental congress

-not supported

Sons of Liberty

Samuel Adams & John Adams

-violent actions against British tax collectors in Massachusetts

Stamp Act Congress

October 1765

-9 colonies - NYC consumers boycott (nonimportation agreements)

The First Continental Congress

1774

-56 delegates met in Philidelphia

-congress set a declaration of rights to king protesting taxes & restrictions

Virginia Resolution

Patrick Henry

-only the colonial legislatures had right to tax

Boston Massacre

March 1770

-5 colonists dead

-British soldiers fired first >> first bloodshed

Boston Tea Party

12/16/1773

-protesting the tax on tea

-"indians" dumped tea into Harbor

Thomas Paine

-an author - Common Sense

-radical, inventor, revolutionary

-One of the Founding Fathers of the U.S.

Missouri Compromise

1820

-Missouri asked for admission to the Union (1819)

-U.S. had equal # of slave & free states prior

-Missouri wanted to be a slave state

-Henry Clay: Maine would enter as a free state

-36 30 line (North free/South slave)

North

-Maine

-New Hampshire

-Vermont

-New York

-New Jersey

-Pennslyvania

-Ohio

-Indiana

-Illinois

-Michigan

Northern Industry

-corn, wheat & grains

-specialized business >> processing & transporting - entrepreneur

-many factories, shops, banks, etc.

-industrialization: increased rapidly

-cheap labor

 Northern Social Changes

-workers organize - labor unions

-middle class: the creation of the American family

South

-Delaware

-Maryland

-Virginia

-North & South Carolina

-Georgia

-Kentucky

-Tennessee

-Alabama

-Mississippi

-Arkansas

-Louisiana

Southern Economy

-rural economy - farming (200-300 frost days a year)

-plantation system

-"king cotton" - 2/3 exports

-dependent on Northern industry

Effects of 1850 Compromise

-California admitted as a free state

-New Mexico & Utah are awarded popular sovereignty 

-Washington DC would continue slavery

Fugitive Slave Act

all citizens of the U.S. were to assist the return of enslaved peoples who had escaped their owners

Kansas - Nebraska Act

Stephen Douglas - IL senator

-created the act to appease N & S

-rejected Missouri Compromise

-created 2 territories >> popular sovereignty

-passed in 1854

Bleeding Kansas

John Brown

-believed he was God's chosen instrument to end slavery

-May 24-25, 1856: went to Kansas & killed slave supporters

-summer after >> violence and attacks

Lecompton Compromise

whether they vote yes/no slaves prior to vote stay slaves in Kansas

Violence in Kansas

-Northern antislavery groups sent settlers to Kansas to ensure its freedom

-Southern slavery groups sent settlers to Kansas to ensure it as a slave state

-1856: Southerners looted homes & newspaper office in Lawrence, Louisiana

Bleeding Sumner

-Charles Sumner said a filibuster known as "crime against Kansas"

-Preston Brooks beats Sumner for talking about his Uncle

-Brooks received a gold cane

-Sumner suffered brain damage

Election of 1856

-fueled the flame of division

-republicans nominated John C. Fremont

-democrats nominated James Buchanan (won*)

-insisted slavery be excluded from Western territories

-campaigned for a free Kansas

Dred Scott Decision

1857

-Scott sued for his freedom

-lived in a free state from 1834-1838

-March, ruled against Scott

-slaves are property and have no rights

Lincoln's Message

U.S. should be one unit

-a man of the people >> sincere

-keep Union together - not stop slavery

Douglas's Message

popular sovereignty would keep nation together

Harper's Ferry

-John Brown viewed himself as an angel sent by God to end slavery

-his attempt to capture failed and he was arrested

John Brown's Trial

-the attack added anger to territories

-rumors were spread

-Abraham Lincoln condemned him to death

-admirers suggested a burial at Bunker Hill

John Breckinridge

-southern Democrat

-Kentucky

-'federal govt. must protect slavery'

John Bell

-constitutional Unionist

-Tennessee

-'the federal govt. should support slavery & defend the Union'

Lincoln Reconstruction Plan

-did not want to punish

-"South never left the Union"

-offered a pardon for an oath of allegiance 

-10% of state govt. take oath & new constitution abolishing slavery

Johnson Reconstruction Plan

-pardon Southerners who swore allegiance

-permitted each state to hold a constitutional election

-required to voice secession, abolish slavery & ratify 13th amendment

Steven Reconstruction Plan

-restructure society - equality for A.A.

-divide South into 5 military districts

new elections for new state constitutions

-A.A. males must have right to vote

-ratify 14th amendment

-this was the reconstruction plan used

Freedmen's Bureau

goal was to provide food, clothing, healthcare & education to black and white refugees in the South

Black Codes

laws that sought to limit the rights of the African Americans and make them landless workers

Grandfather Clause

a law to disqualify African American voters by allowing them to vote only if their father & grandfather did

Literacy Test

reading & writing tests to prevent African Americans from voting

Poll Taxes

$ one must pay in order to vote

Ku Klux Klan

an organization of white Christians that promote hatred, discrimination & violence against specific religious or ethnic groups

Election of 1876

Compromise of 1877

Democrats agree to go with terms of the committee if...

-North withdrew troops >> end reconstruction

-1 southerner appointed to cabinet

-support federal spending on internal improvements in South

-African Americans are left helpless

Success of Reconstruction

-Union is restored

-Southern economy rebuilding begins

-African Americans granted cizitenship

-public school system develops in South

-14th & 15th amendments

Failure of Reconstruction

-distribution of wealth & power in South unchanged

-poverty in South

-Southern govt. limits A.A. voting

-racism continues

-Southerners remain bitter

-segregation & Jim Crow Laws

Act of 1875

a law that banned discrimination in public places & transporation

Act of 1957

a law that established a federal Civil Rights Commission

Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination in public places & employment based on race

Infrastructure

Jim Crow Laws

segregation laws enacted in the South after reconstruction

Louisiana Purchase

War of 1812

war between the U.S. and and Great Britain

Monroe Doctrine

John Locke

believed that the people had natural rights that came from God, not monarchs

Baron de Montesquieu

advocated a separation of powers amongst the branches of government

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

argued that uncivilized rulers robbed citizens of their freedom

Voltaire

"cultivate the human garden"

Declaration of Independence

a document drawn up by the 2nd Continental Congress that announced American independence

First Continental Congress

a group of delegates that met in 1774 and represented all the American colonies except Georgia

Second Continental Congress

assembly of delegates representing every colony that met in 1775 in Philadelphia

Articles of Confederation

original federal constitution drafted by the Continental Congress in 1777

Great Compromise

Federalist

one who favored ratification of the Constitution

Anti-Federalist

one who opposed ratification to the Constitution

Emancipation Proclomation

decree by President Lincoln that freed enslaved people living in the Confederate states still in rebellion