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| Confederation of city-states that is a predecessor to Russians, Ukrainians, and Belorussians |
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| Converted to Orthodox Christianity in 988 |
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| Grand Prince Vladimir of Kiev |
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| medieval state centered in Moscow |
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| Came to "rule" at age three. Creator of Russian empire. Expanded Russian territories into Kazan in 1552; suboordinates the khan to Moscow. |
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| Ivan the Terrible (1533 - 1584) |
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| Toured Europe in his younger years, studying various trades and becomes inspired by European political models. Modernized Russia, introduced Enlightenment ideas to nobility and founded the city of St. Petersburg. |
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| Peter the Great (1682 - 1725) |
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| Created a failed systematic law code for Russia. Defeats the Ottomans. |
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| Catherine the Great (1762 - 1796) |
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| He succeeded to the throne after his father was murdered, and ruled Russia during the chaotic period of the Napoleonic Wars. In the first half of his reign Alexander tried to introduce liberal reforms, while in the second half his conduct became much more arbitrary, which led to the revocation of many earlier reforms. In foreign policy Alexander gained some successes, mainly by his diplomatic skills and by winning several military campaigns. In particular, Russia acquired Finland and part of Poland under his rule. |
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| Alexander I (1801 - 1825) |
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Emancipated the serfs in 1861 and made great reforms in education, law, military, and local government.
Universal Military Training Act, 1874 |
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| Alexander II (1855 - 1881) |
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Under his rule, Russia was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War, including the almost total annihilation of the Russian fleet at the Battle of Tsushima. As head of state, he approved the Russian mobilization of August 1914, which marked the beginning of Russia's involvement in World War I, a war in which 3.3 million Russians were killed.[5] The Imperial Army's severe losses and the monarchy's incompetent handling of the war, along with other policies directed during his reign, are often cited as the leading causes of the fall of the Romanov dynasty.
His reign saw Imperial Russia go from being one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. the Khodynka Tragedy, Bloody Sunday, the anti-Semitic pogroms, his execution of political opponents, and his pursuit of military campaigns on a hitherto unprecedented scale. |
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| one person totally in charge; exclusive power in the hands of the ruler. Tsar is above the law and can change it. Rule of indvidual, not law. |
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| People attached to the land, responsive to land owner. Can't be bought and sold as property, but they cannot leave the land either. |
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| land given by the grand prince/tsar to family in exchange for service |
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| people who wanted Russia to become more Western |
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| intellectual movement originating from 19th century that wanted the Russian Empire to be developed upon values and institutions derived from its early history. especially opposed to the influences of Western Europe in Russia. |
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| Zemstro (local government); education; law; military; censorships |
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| Great Reforms of Alexander II |
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| name retroactively given to the Russian intelligentsia who opposed the Tsarist regime and industrialization in the 1860s, 70s and 80s. Although the term is loose and covers a lot of different groups, overall wanted a better form of government for Russia than the existing Tsarist autocracy. They also feared the dehumanizing effects of the industrialization which was occurring in Western Europe, but which had so far largely left Russia alone. |
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generally tended to be more moderate and were more positive towards the "mainstream" liberal opposition.
were a faction of the Russian revolutionary movement that emerged in 1904 after a dispute between Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov |
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| were by 1905 a mass organization consisting primarily of workers under a democratic internal hierarchy governed by the principle of democratic centralism, who considered themselves the leaders of the revolutionary working class of Russia. |
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| Socialist Revolutionaries |
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| Father Gapon, a Russian priest who was concerned about the conditions experienced by the working and lower classes, organized a peaceful "workers' procession" to the Winter Palace to deliver a petition to the Tsar that Sunday stating reforms they had desperately wanted. The petition, written by Gapon, made clear the problems and opinions of the workers and called for improved working conditions, fairer wages, and a reduction in the working day to eight hours. was a massacre on Jan. 22 1905 in St. Petersburg, Russia, where unarmed, peaceful demonstrators marching to present a petition to the Tsar Nicholas II were gunned down by the Imperial Guard while approaching the city center and the Winter Palace from several gathering points. |
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| It included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies. It led to the establishment of limited constitutional monarchy, the State Duma of the Russian Empire, the multi-party system, and the Russian Constitution of 1906. |
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| Centered on the then capital Petrograd (modern day St. Petersburg) on the Women's Day in March. The revolution that was contained to the capital and its vicinity stretched for less than a week provided mass demonstrations and armed clashes with police and gendarmes as the last loyal force of the Russian monarchy. In later days of the mutiny the Russian Army forces sided with the revolutionaries. The immediate result of the revolution was the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, the end of the Romanov dynasty, and the end of the Russian Empire. The Tsar was replaced by a Russian Provisional Government under Prince Georgy Lvov. The Provisional Government was an alliance between liberals and socialists who wanted political reform. They set up a democratically-elected executive and constituent assembly. |
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| Petrograd Soviet, which ruled alongside the Provisional Government. |
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| a seizure of state power instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917. overthrew the Russian Provisional Government and gave the power to the local soviets dominated by Bolsheviks. |
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