Term
| Compared to the dog, is the skin of larger ungulates thicker or thinner? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the subcutis of ruminants softer or firmer? More or less mobile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the subcutis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compared to other domestic ungulates (incl. horse), is bovine skin thinner or thicker? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ruminants, _____ surfaces of the limbs, & _____ surfaces of the trunk are much thicker. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are areas of major thickness in the bovine? Pig? Horse? |
|
Definition
| Dewlap; V surface of neck; D surface of tail |
|
|
Term
| What may accumulate in the subcutis? Especially in what animal? |
|
Definition
| Fat; Pigs (Panniculus Adiposus) |
|
|
Term
| What is a difference in the subcutis of stallions? |
|
Definition
| Fat deposits in subcutis in crest of neck |
|
|
Term
| What is a difference in the subcutis of zebu/Bos indicus breeds of cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a difference in the subcutis of fat-tailed sheep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have wattles or tassels? What is another name for them? What is their function? |
|
Definition
| Usually goat (rarely sheep & pig); Appendices colli; Unknown |
|
|
Term
| Describe the wattles/tassels/appendices colli of the goat. |
|
Definition
| Elongated, Narrow, ~15cm long, Cartilage bar containing skin derivatives; Project vertically, Cd to angle of jaw |
|
|
Term
| What animal has cutaneous sinuses/pouches? What are they? Name them. |
|
Definition
| Sheep; Diverticula or out-pocketing of the skin w/ glands in their walls; Infraorbital, Inguinal, Interdigital |
|
|
Term
| Describe the infraorbital sinus. |
|
Definition
| Lies rostral to the eyes, waxy, straw-colored secretion |
|
|
Term
| Describe the inguinal sinus. |
|
Definition
| On either side of the scrotum or mammary gland; Shallow; Secretions stain hairs & skin of the area |
|
|
Term
| Describe the interdigital sinus. |
|
Definition
| All 4 limbs; Curved tube @ ~prox interphalangeal jt; Waxy but colorless secretions |
|
|
Term
| How is the facial profile of the goat? Sheep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can the difference btw a goat & sheep be determined by wool? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the horn glands? What animals have them? |
|
Definition
| Cd part of horn; Goat & Sheep |
|
|
Term
| Where are the Cd/Coccygeal Glands? What animals have them? |
|
Definition
| D aspect of root of tail; Carnivores |
|
|
Term
| Where are the subCd glands? What animals have them? |
|
Definition
| 2 glands under base of tail; Goats (Buck taint?) |
|
|
Term
| What animals have preputial glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of secretions do the preputial glands produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the mammary glands? What animals have them? |
|
Definition
| Modified sweat glands; All mammals |
|
|
Term
| What type of innervation do the mammary glands have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Digital pads (tori digitalis); Distal ends of digits; Hoof pads or bulbs |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the metacarpal/metatarsal pads? |
|
Definition
| Tori metacarpeus/metatarseus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the carpal & tarsal pads. What is another name for them? |
|
Definition
| Modified; development varies from sp to sp; Tori carpeus/tarseus |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for horns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are horns/cornua derivatives of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Removing germinal tissue so the horn does not grow |
|
|
Term
| What do the horns develop from? |
|
Definition
| Cornual process of frontal bone |
|
|
Term
| What is the horn process covered by? |
|
Definition
| Cornual dermis @ the base of the horn |
|
|
Term
| Generally, how does the ruminant's ligamentum nuchae compare to that of the horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the ruminant's ligamentum nuchae (laminar part) differ from that of the horse? |
|
Definition
| Cr part paired; Cd part unpaired |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about the ligamentum nuchae of the ox? |
|
Definition
| Extends well into the thoracic region & slants ventrolaterally over the summits of the sp's (therefore friction over spine summits is not as great as in the horse) |
|
|
Term
| How does the ligamentum nuchae attach to the sp's in the ox? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the laminar part of the ligamentum nuchae divided into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the Cr lamina nuchae paired? Why is the Cd unpaired? |
|
Definition
| Funiculus nuchae is paired; Only 1 sp, in median plane |
|
|
Term
| What is the laminar part of the ligamentum nuchae divided into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the Cr lamina nuchae paired? Why is the Cd unpaired? |
|
Definition
| Funiculus nuchae is paired; Only 1 sp, in median plane |
|
|
Term
| How do the mm. of the pectoral girdle of ruminants compare to those of the horse & dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the rhomboideus m. in the horse & ox? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the rhomboideus m. is particularly large in the Bos indicus breeds of cattle? Give some examples of the zebu breeds. |
|
Definition
| Rhomboideus cervicis m. (forms hump lying over the withers); Brahman, Afrikander |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the brachiocephalicus m? |
|
Definition
| Cleidobrachialis & Cleidocephalicus |
|
|
Term
| What muscle makes up the bulk of the zebu hump? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cleidocephalicus m. has ___ part(s) in horses. In bovine/ovine/pig, the parts are: ______. |
|
Definition
| 1; Cleidooccipitalis & Cleidomastoideus |
|
|
Term
| In sheep, what does the tendon of insertion of the cleidomastoideus m. fuse with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the sternocephalicus m. an extrinsic m. of the TL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have 2 divisions of the sternocephalicus? What are they? What animals have an undivided sternocephalicus? |
|
Definition
| Ox, Goat, Carnivore; Sternomastoideus & Sternomandibularis; Sheep & Horse |
|
|
Term
| In what animals is the subclavius m. well developed? Absent? Vestigial? |
|
Definition
| Horse & Goat; Carnivores; Ox |
|
|
Term
| What is the subclavius m. attached to in the ox? |
|
Definition
| M surface of brachiocephalicus m. |
|
|
Term
| Comment on the visceral space of the neck in ruminants compared to the horse & dog. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age group has a larger thymus gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the direction of growth of the thymus gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the lobes of the thymus in ruminants. |
|
Definition
| 2 cervical lobes VL to trachea, from rib 1 to larynx; linked by an intermediate lobe/isthmus to the thoracic lobes in V Mediastinum |
|
|
Term
| At full regression, what part of the thymus disappears in ruminants? |
|
Definition
| Cervical part disappears; Cd part is fibrotic |
|
|
Term
| Describe the thymus of the ox. |
|
Definition
| Large & Lobulated in young; Extends from larynx to pericardium |
|
|
Term
| What are the deep cervical ln groups? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the deep cervical lnn most likely to be found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the Cr & Middle groups of deep cervical lnn? |
|
Definition
| Lie on trachea, & CrD to thyroid glands in ox |
|
|
Term
| What animals lack Cr & Middle groups of deep cervical lnn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the Cd group of deep cervical lnn. |
|
Definition
| Well-devo in all domestic mammals (except dog); @ Thoracic inlet, V to trachea |
|
|
Term
| Where is the thyroid gland located? |
|
Definition
| Cd to larynx, on the sides of the trachea |
|
|
Term
| How many lobes does the thyroid have? What is the color? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have a glandular thyroid isthmus? Fibrous? |
|
Definition
| Ox, Pig, Dog; Sm rum's, Horse, Cat |
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the body of the thyroid in small animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the body of the thyroid in the ox. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In non-bovine animals, describe the body of the thyroid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is unique about the carotid sheath contents in ruminants? |
|
Definition
| Content as in the horse + Internal Jugular v. (V'ly) |
|
|
Term
| What v. is used for IV inj. in lg animals? Therefore, ____ is important. |
|
Definition
| Ext. Jugular v; Topography |
|
|
Term
| Where does the external jugular v. lie in ungulates? |
|
Definition
| In a muscular groove (jugular groove/sulcus jugularis) |
|
|
Term
| What borders the jugular groove in ox/goat? |
|
Definition
| Cleidomastoideus m. D'ly; Sternomandibularis m. V'ly; Sternomastoideus m. M'ly |
|
|
Term
| What borders the jugular groove in sheep? |
|
Definition
D border: Cleidomastoideus
V: Sternocephalicus
Cr: no muscular border |
|
|
Term
| Where are the superficial cervical ln(n)? |
|
Definition
| Lie CrD to shoulder jt; under cover of brachiocephalicus & omotransversarius; Developed in all domestic spp; Palpable |
|
|
Term
| What type of tube is the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the esophagus located? |
|
Definition
| Left Cd neck region, close to surface of neck (Sx intervention in this area) |
|
|
Term
| What is the muscular nature of the esophagus in ruminants? |
|
Definition
| Entirely lined by striated m. (voluntary) |
|
|
Term
| Why is topography of the esophagus important? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many flexions are along the curved path of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the 1st flexion of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
| D curvature; @ junction btw head & neck (specifically btw pharynx & esophagus) |
|
|
Term
| What is the 2nd flexion of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
| V curvature; @ Thoracic inlet, D concavity |
|
|
Term
| What is the 3rd flexion of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
| D curvature; in middle of thoracic cavity, over base of heart, btw tracheal bifurcation; D convexity & permanent flexion |
|
|
Term
| What surrounds the 3rd flexion of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which flexions of the esophagus are/are not permanent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the non-permanent flexures when the animal lowers its head (at grazing)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common sites of obstruction in the ox? |
|
Definition
| Junction btw pharynx & esophagus; Thoracic Inlet; Esophageal Hiatus |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common sites of obstruction in the dog? |
|
Definition
| Esophageal Hiatus; Region Cr to base of heart |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 sites of esophageal obstruction? |
|
Definition
| Junction btw pharynx & esophagus; Thoracic inlet; Cr to base of heart; Esophageal Hiatus/Hiatus Esophageus |
|
|
Term
| What are the crowding structures in esophageal obstruction Cr to the base of the heart? |
|
Definition
| Esophagus, Trachea, Large blood vessels (Hence, Vascular Ring Dz) |
|
|
Term
| Where is expansion of the esophagus very limited? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main parts of the larynx? |
|
Definition
| Vestibule, Glottis, Infraglottic Cavity |
|
|
Term
| What are the cartilages of the larynx? |
|
Definition
| Cricoid, Arytenoid, Thyroid, Epiglottic |
|
|
Term
| What aspects of the thorax are similar among spp? Different? |
|
Definition
| Walls & boundaries; Shape & volume |
|
|
Term
| What encloses the thoracic cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What encloses the thoracic cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the adb cavity make into the thorax? |
|
Definition
| Incursion, thus reducing the volume of the thorax, though not externally |
|
|
Term
| Where is the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection in the ox? |
|
Definition
| Curvature from 7th or 8th costochondral junction to mid portion of the 11th rib, & to the angle/prox part of the last rib |
|
|
Term
| The diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection is ____, esp. in bovine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the relation of the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection to the costal arch in the ox? |
|
Definition
| Relatively far apart, so that the pleural cavity is in contact w/ a much restricted part of the Cd thoracic wall |
|
|
Term
| Where is the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection in the sheep? |
|
Definition
| Gently curves from 9th costochondral junction to middle of last rib, & from there to Cr border of tp of L1 |
|
|
Term
| Where is the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection in the goat? |
|
Definition
| Gentle curve from level of 6th costochondral junction up to V border of last rib |
|
|
Term
| In the ox, sheep, & goat, where does the diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection terminate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have thick, intact mediastinal pleura? What is it supported by? |
|
Definition
| Ox & Goat; Submesothelial CT |
|
|
Term
| In what animal does the mediastinum display an occasional opening? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lung is relatively larger in all domestic mammals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the relative largeness of the R lung do to the Cd mediastinum? |
|
Definition
| Displaces it to the left of the median plane |
|
|
Term
| What relationship is important in hardware dz in the bovine? |
|
Definition
| Accessory lobe of R lung & mediastinal recess are related Cd'ly to the region of the reticulum |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for hardware dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Withdrawal of abnormally high amt of fluid in the thorax |
|
|
Term
| What are the cupula pleurae? |
|
Definition
| Cr limit of the pleural sacs |
|
|
Term
| Which cupula pleura(e) extend(s) beyond the 1st rib in ruminants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How far does the R sac of the cupula pleura extend beyond the 1st rib in the bovine? Sheep? |
|
Definition
| 60-70mm/6-7cm; Similar to bovine |
|
|
Term
| Where is thoracocentesis performed in ruminants? Horse? Dog? |
|
Definition
| 6th or 7th ICS; 7th; 7th or 8th |
|
|
Term
| What is the lung structure in ruminants? |
|
Definition
| Well-lobated; well-fissured |
|
|
Term
| What are the main lobes of the R lung in ruminants? |
|
Definition
| Cr, Middle, Cd, Accessory |
|
|
Term
| What is the R Cr lung lobe further divided into in ruminants? |
|
Definition
| Cr & Cd parts (Cranio-Cr & Caudo-Cr) |
|
|
Term
| What bronchus supplies the R Cr lobe in ruminants & pigs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Tracheal Bronchus predispose? |
|
Definition
| R Cr Lobe to infection & inhalation pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| What are the main lobes of the L lung? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is characteristic of the lungs in bovine? |
|
Definition
| Well-lobated & Well-lobulated |
|
|
Term
| Describe lung lobulation in the ox. |
|
Definition
| Very clearly defined by thick CT |
|
|
Term
| Describe lung lobulation in sheep/goats. |
|
Definition
| Lobules are small, & lobulation is poorly defined |
|
|
Term
| What animal has the worst lung lobulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the lung in the ox? |
|
Definition
| Basal edge is relatively straight, extending from 6th costochondral junction to V border of epaxial mm in 11th ICS |
|
|
Term
| What is the relative size of the clinical lung field in the ox? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the lung in sheep & pigs? |
|
Definition
| Basal edge ascends Cd'ly more gently, from 6th costochondral junction to angle of rib 11 |
|
|
Term
| Where is the cardiac notch of ruminants in the L lung? |
|
Definition
| Extends from 3rd to 5th ICS |
|
|
Term
| Where is the cardiac notch of ruminants in the R lung? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the lung fields? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the Cr lung field? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lung field is of greater significance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Cd lung field bounded by? |
|
Definition
| Tricipital line Cr'ly, Epaxial mm D'ly |
|
|
Term
| Why is the Cr lung field of less significance? |
|
Definition
| Inaccessible (covered by TL) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the basal border of the lung? |
|
Definition
| 3-4cm above actual border of lung which is too thin & straight |
|
|
Term
| What are the major blood vessels of the thorax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the azygous vv drain? |
|
Definition
| Cr lumbar area & thoracic wall by means of the lumbar vv & D intercostal vv, respectively. |
|
|
Term
| What do the azygous vv also anastomose with? |
|
Definition
| Venous network in the vertebral canal, as well as the Cd VC |
|
|
Term
| Do the azygous vv have valves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the azygous vv embryologically & later in development. |
|
Definition
| L & R present in all spp; One v. subsequently develops fully/other disappears completely or regresses partially |
|
|
Term
| Which azygous v. develops fully in ruminants & pigs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what ruminants is the R azygous v. occasionally fully present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the L azygous descend & open into? |
|
Definition
| Descends @ 6th rib level into RA where it opens into coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
| What wrt the azygous vv. may develop partially in ox & pig? |
|
Definition
| a small R Cr portion "Hemi-azygous" (descends @ 6th rib level to open into terminal part of Cr VC) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the heart lie in all domestic spp? |
|
Definition
| Btw ribs 3-6, virtually median, although apex is Cd-V inclined to left |
|
|
Term
| Where is the heart placed in ruminants? Pig & Dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the cardiac field in ruminants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cardiac skeleton? |
|
Definition
| CT that separates the atria from ventricles, but surrounds AV & arterial openings, as fibrous rings (anuli fibrosi) |
|
|
Term
| What do the fibrous rings surrounding the aorta contain? |
|
Definition
| 2 cartilages (cartilago cordis) |
|
|
Term
| What happens with age to the cartilago cordis? |
|
Definition
| They ossify to become ossa cordis (formed early in the ox from the cartilages) |
|
|
Term
| What are the grooves/sulci of the heart in the ox? |
|
Definition
| Paraconal, Subsinuosal, & Intermediate |
|
|
Term
| Which heart groove of the ox is not present in the horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the intermediate groove/sulcus of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What attaches the pericardium to the sternum in ruminants & horses? |
|
Definition
| 2 separate sternopericardiac ligg |
|
|
Term
| Where is pericardiocentesis performed in horses & ruminants? |
|
Definition
| 4th ICS @ level of costochondral junction |
|
|
Term
| What is given off by the brachiocephalic trunk? |
|
Definition
| L & R Subclavian, Bicarotid Trunk |
|
|
Term
| wrt the Ascending Aorta in ruminants & horses, what major artery runs Cr'ly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which coronary a. is larger in ruminants, & is the major blood supply to the heart? What other animal has the same? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the mediastinal lnn. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mediastinal ln is present in all spp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the Cr Mediastinal ln? What animal are they large in? |
|
Definition
| in Cr Mediastinum; around trachea, esophagus, & lg blood vessels; Ox |
|
|
Term
| Where are the middle mediastinal ln? What animal has none? How many are in the ox? |
|
Definition
| base of heart, R of aortic arch, trachea & esophagus; Pig; 1-5 (may be lg) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the Cd mediastinal ln? Describe them in the ruminant. |
|
Definition
| Cd Mediastinum, btw aorta (D) & esophagus (V); Single & Quite Large |
|
|
Term
| What are the bronchial lnn? Name them. |
|
Definition
| Tracheobronchial group of lnn; Left, Right, Middle, & Cranial Tracheobronchial |
|
|
Term
| What animals have the Left Tracheobronchial ln? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have the Right Tracheobronchial ln? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have the Middle Tracheobronchial ln? |
|
Definition
| Inconstant in ox; Absent in sheep |
|
|
Term
| Where is the left tracheobronchial ln? |
|
Definition
| btw Aortic Arch & Pulmonary a.; Cr to left bronchus |
|
|
Term
| Where is the middle tracheobronchial ln? |
|
Definition
| DCd to the tracheal bifurcation |
|
|
Term
| What animals have Cr Tracheobronchial ln? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Cr Tracheobronchial ln associated w? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the Cr tracheobronchial ln? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when the Left Tracheobronchial ln is enlarged? |
|
Definition
| Puts pressure on L Recurrent Laryngeal n. as it is pressed against the pulsating aorta; May cause roaring |
|
|
Term
| What happens w/ the Cd mediastinal ln in bovine TB or lymphadenitis? |
|
Definition
| Compresses esophagus; Could cause choking or damage to the vagal trunks |
|
|
Term
| What lnn are examined @ meat inspection? |
|
Definition
| L (+/- R), Middle, Cr Tracheobronchial; Pulmonary; Cr, Middle, Cd Mediastinal; Thoracic aortic |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 unpaired aa. off the abdominal aorta? |
|
Definition
| Celiac, Cr & Cd Mesenteric aa. |
|
|
Term
| Is the abdominal wall clinically important in the bovine? |
|
Definition
| Yes, wrt Sx & some other procedures |
|
|
Term
| What is the paralumbar fossa? |
|
Definition
| a concavity immediately Cd to the last rib; Prominent in ruminants |
|
|
Term
| What is the location of incision for C-section in ruminants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has no preputial mm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the preputial mm? |
|
Definition
| Protraction/Retraction of the prepuce |
|
|
Term
| What is contained in the superficial fascia of the trunk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the Cr preputial mm in ruminants. What are they derived from? |
|
Definition
| Well-devo; Cutaneous Trunci |
|
|
Term
| What is the origin of the Cd preputial mm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the deep fascia of the trunk known as? Why? |
|
Definition
| Yellow abdominal tunic; yellow elastic content |
|
|
Term
| What does the deep fascia of the trunk surround completely? What does it cover the external surface of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the Costoabdominal n? What do they innervate? |
|
Definition
| T13; V cutaneous nn; supply preputial skin & mucous membrane or prepuce |
|
|
Term
| Where are the D Cutaneous nn? What do they innervate? |
|
Definition
| Emerge btw longissimus & iliocostalis mm; Innervate skin of D 1/3 of abd |
|
|
Term
| What are the V br's of the lumbar spinal nn important in? |
|
Definition
| abd mm in ruminants - supply DL wall |
|
|
Term
| In local anesthesia of the flank region, what must be blocked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the V br of T13 blocked? |
|
Definition
| Under tip of L1 tp (incision btw L13 & L1 nn) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the V br of L1 blocked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the V br of L2 blocked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the V br of L3 blocked? |
|
Definition
| Close to vertebral bodies |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for L1? L2? L3? |
|
Definition
| Iliohypogastric; Ilioinguinal; Genitofemoral |
|
|
Term
| How do L1, L2, & L3 course? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many L vert does the dog have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of block is done on L3 to anesthetize the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do V Cutaneous nn from T13, L1, L2 emerge near? What do they supply in the bull? |
|
Definition
| V midline; V abdominal skin, prepuce & scrotum |
|
|
Term
| What do the V cutaneous nn of the genitofemoral n innervate in the bull? |
|
Definition
| Prepuce, Scrotum, inguinal skin |
|
|
Term
| In the cow, what do L1 + 2 supply? |
|
Definition
| Skin of Cr surface of udder/mamma |
|
|
Term
| What does L3 supply in the cow? |
|
Definition
| Skin of middle part of udder & all glandular tissue of the udder |
|
|
Term
| Where are the subiliac lnn in ruminants situated? |
|
Definition
| Cr border of tensor fasciae latae m., prox to stifle jt |
|
|
Term
| What type of stomach do ruminants have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the fore-stomach/proventriculus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the true stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the fermentation chambers of the stomach? What do they form? |
|
Definition
| Rumen & Reticulum; Biologic unit: Ruminoreticulum |
|
|
Term
| What separates the ruminoreticulum from the abomasum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the most forestomach activity occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Left of median plane; Extends from diaphragm to pelvic inlet; From hypaxial lumbar mm (D) to abd floor (V) (attaches to lumbar mm) |
|
|
Term
| What are the main surfaces of the rumen? |
|
Definition
| Parietal (L) & Visceral (R) |
|
|
Term
| What are the main curvatures of the rumen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the extremities of the rumen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What divides the D from V sac of the rumen? |
|
Definition
| L & R Longitudinal grooves; Cr & Cd Transverse grooves |
|
|
Term
| What branches D'ly from the longitudinal grooves? Which one is better developed? |
|
Definition
| L & R Accessory grooves; L |
|
|
Term
| What demarcates blind sacs of the rumen? What are the blind sacs? |
|
Definition
| D & V Coronary grooves; CdD & CdV blind sacs |
|
|
Term
| What is btw the rumen & reticulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the insular ruminis bounded by? |
|
Definition
| R Longitudinal & Accessory grooves |
|
|
Term
| What is the atrium ruminis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the recessus ruminis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the external grooves of the rumen defined as internally? |
|
Definition
| Raised pillars or columns |
|
|
Term
| Pillars are devoid of ____ with ____ exception(s). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the ruminal pillars/columns? |
|
Definition
| Infoldings of the ruminal wall, minus serosa |
|
|
Term
| In the ruminoreticulum, where does the serosa invest? |
|
Definition
| External suraces of the rumen & reticulum, except at the grooves (reflected as omentum), & D'ly @ attachment of rumen to abd roof |
|
|
Term
| What does the investment of the serosa in the reticulorumen/abd roof do? |
|
Definition
| Increases latitude for mvmt during contraction |
|
|
Term
| When is it important to know the positions & extent of ruminal pillars? |
|
Definition
| Fore-stomach exploration, following ruminotomy |
|
|
Term
| Which pillar is highly papillated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the ruminoreticular pillars/columns. |
|
Definition
| Cr & Cd Pillars, R/L Longitudinal Pillars; Ruminoreticular fold |
|
|
Term
| What is the corresponding groove of the Cr pillar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the corresponding groove of the Cd pillar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the corresponding groove of the R/L Longitudinal Pillars? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the corresponding groove of the ruminoreticular fold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the ruminoreticular groove? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pillar is incomplete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the intraruminal ostium/opening? |
|
Definition
| Large opening encircled by most of the pillars btw D & V ruminal sacs of rumen |
|
|
Term
| What is the ruminoreticular ostium? |
|
Definition
| Opening btw rumen & reticulum |
|
|
Term
| Where is trocarization/ruminal paracentesis performed? |
|
Definition
| Central part of the paralumbar fossa |
|
|
Term
| What is ruminal palpation, percussion, & auscultation done for? |
|
Definition
| Ruminal contraction & sounds of ruminal content (usually gas in the D sac: cause fluid-moving sounds) |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a ruminotomy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paralumbar fossa into the D (+/- CdD blind) sac |
|
|
Term
| What are fistulations used in? |
|
Definition
| Rumen physiology experiments |
|
|
Term
| How many ruminal contractions should be heard per minute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ruminants, where does the superficial layer of the greater omentum extend? |
|
Definition
| Greater curvature of abomasum & V border of duodenum, up to Cd flexure, running V'ly & to left of median plane to attach to L longitudinal groove of rumen |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 leaves of the greater omentum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the uterus lie in late pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the deep leaf of the omentum run? |
|
Definition
| Cr'ly, attaching to R Ruminal longitudinal groove, up to R surface of atrium ruminis; subsequently moves to R, upwards to abd roof, & attaches to superficial leaf & V surface of descending duodenum, up to Cd duodenal flexure |
|
|
Term
| What is the epiploic foramen? |
|
Definition
| Opening into omental bursa |
|
|
Term
| What is inside the omental bursa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lesser omentum a remnant of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the lesser omentum of the pig. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the lesser omentum extend in ruminants? |
|
Definition
| From lesser curvature of abomasum to curvature & neck of omasum, & D'ly to visceral surface of liver |
|
|
Term
| Where does the lesser omentum extend in ruminants? |
|
Definition
| From lesser curvature of abomasum to curvature & neck of omasum, & D'ly to visceral surface of liver |
|
|
Term
| What does the reticulum look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most Cr segment of the forestomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the surfaces of the reticulum? |
|
Definition
| Diaphragmatic (Cr) & Visceral (Cd) |
|
|
Term
| What is the fundus of the reticulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the reticular groove a portion of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the mucosa of the reticulum. |
|
Definition
| Thrown into cells (honeycombed) reticular cells (cellulae reticuli); Lined by conical reticular papillae (papillae reticuli) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the reticulum auscultated? |
|
Definition
| V aspects of left 6th/7th ICS |
|
|
Term
| What is the gastric groove? |
|
Definition
| A direct route running from the cardia (esophageal opening) to the pylorus of the abomasum |
|
|
Term
| What does the gastric groove consist of? |
|
Definition
| 3 segments linking the forestomach w/ the glandular stomach |
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 segments of the gastric groove. |
|
Definition
| Reticular Groove, Omasal Groove, Abomasal Groove |
|
|
Term
| What normally happens to a bolus of grass? |
|
Definition
| Falls through the cardia into the atrium of the rumen |
|
|
Term
| Where does milk run in young ruminants? |
|
Definition
| From cardia through gastric groove into abomasum |
|
|
Term
| Which segment of the gastric groove is best developed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the reticular groove extend? |
|
Definition
| V'ly from cardia, on lesser curvature (R wall) of reticulum to the reticulo-omasal orifice |
|
|
Term
| What does the reticular groove comprise? |
|
Definition
| a floor of the reticular groove & 2 lips (L & R) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the reticular groove in sucklings. |
|
Definition
| The lips form a tube or tunnel that bypasses the rumen, reticulum, & omasum, & thus transports milk from the esophagus directly into abomasum |
|
|
Term
| What is the action of the reticular groove in young? In adults? |
|
Definition
| Neurohumoral; Iatrogenically controlled by oral admin of salts (copper sulfate sol'n in sheep/10% sodium bicarbonate in cattle) |
|
|
Term
| Is the gastric groove involved in swallowing? Regurgitation? Eructation? Transport of Fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the abomasum? |
|
Definition
| Parietal & Visceral surfaces, Fundus, Body, Greater & Lesser curvatures, Pyloric part, Pylorus |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the omasum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the omasum? |
|
Definition
| Spherical & Flattened from the sides |
|
|
Term
| What are the surfaces of the omasum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the curvature of the omasum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the base of the omasum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the omasum largely covered by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is located internally @ the omaso-abomasal orifice? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What guards the omaso-abomasal opening? |
|
Definition
| 2 mucosal folds (abomasal vela) |
|
|
Term
| What are the spaces btw the omasal leaves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the omasal laminae. How many are in the sheep? Ox? |
|
Definition
| Leaf-like, Sickle-shaped, of variable length; ~90; ~100 |
|
|
Term
| Where is the omasal groove? What does it join together? |
|
Definition
| Base of omasum; Reticulo-omasal ostium to Omaso-abomasal ostium |
|
|
Term
| The mucosa of the abomasum contains part of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the abomasal folds. |
|
Definition
| Large, oblique folds in the fundus & body (lesser curvature has no folds but forms abomasal groove) |
|
|
