Term
|
Definition
Control of facial expressions.
Patient who presents whose palpable fissures are not symmetric would likely have an issue with VII. ie: bell's palsy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Considered a lower motor neuron or peripheral lesion.
CN VII paralysis, unilateral, caused by HSV.
Cannot wrinkle forehead, raise eyebrows, close eye, whistle, show teeth of the affected side. Forehead is smooth, flat, nasolabial fold, drooling, pain behind the affected ear.
Typically left side. |
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Term
|
Definition
Trigeminal Nerve
inability to differentiate facial sensations such as pain or touch.
ie: frostbite and scleroderma |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| in cheeks over mandible, anterior to and below the ear. Not normally palpable |
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Term
|
Definition
| beneath mandible at angle of jaw |
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Term
|
Definition
| lie in the floor of the mouth |
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Term
|
Definition
| superior to temporalis muscles, pulsation palpable anterior to the ear |
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Term
|
Definition
| branches off at common carotid and runs inward and upward to supply the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| supplies the face, salivary glands, and superficial temporal artery |
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Term
|
Definition
| Spinal Accessory nerve, major neck muscles are intervated by it, sternomastoid (enables head rotation and flexion) and two trapezius (move shoulders and extend/turn head)muscles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). |
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Term
|
Definition
excess energy release, nervous, irritable, memory problems, weight lost, heat intolerance, smooth silky skin, fine hair with frequent loss, nails fragile, frequent loose stools, amenorrhea, hyperreflexia, muscles weakness, tachycardia
Caused by Graves disease (most common), thyroiditis, thyroid nodule that is metabolically active.
T3 and T4 are elevated and TSH is decreased |
|
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Term
|
Definition
reduced energy, lethargy, disinterest, memory problems, mimics depression, weight gain, chills easily, cold intolerance, course dry skin, thick course hair that is easily breakable, thick and dry nails, constipation, menorrhagia, hyporeflexica, bradycardia
Caused by post thyroiditis, primary pituitary failure (rare), agine
T3 and T4 are decreased TSH is increase |
|
|
Term
| Lymph nodes that are accessible |
|
Definition
| Head, neck, arms, inguinal area, axillae |
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|
Term
| How to test cranial nerve XI |
|
Definition
| try to resist person's movements with your hands as person shrugs shoulders and turns head to each side. |
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Term
|
Definition
feels moveable, discrete, soft, and nontender
If nodes are enlarged or tender, check the area they drain for source of the problem, often related to inflammation or neoplasm in head and neck |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| normally midline, will be shifted if pneumothorax or mass and will shift towards unaffected side |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| auscultate thyroid for presence of bruit, occurs with turbulent flow; indicating hyperthyroidism (hyperplasia of thyroid) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Osteitis Deformans
Increased bone resorption and formation.
Causes enlarging skull bones that form an acorn shape.
Sx include HA, vertigo, tinnitus, progressive deafness, optic atrophy, and compression of the spinal cord. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Excessive secretion of human growth hormone for the pituitary gland
Hits after puberty
Enlarged skull and thickened cranial bones, elongated head, massive face, prominent nose and jaw, heavy eyebrows, and course facial features. |
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Term
|
Definition
| bilateral, across frontal temporal and or occipital region. Feels like a vice or band around head, lasts 30 minutes to days, dull and throbbing ache, situational, high stress, over work or posture, associated symptoms include anxiety, stress photophobia and phonophobia. resolved with rest, massage, muscle relaxant, NSAIDS |
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Term
|
Definition
| unilateral but can occur bilateral, pain behind eyes, temples, forhead, throbbing, pulsating pain, rabid onset and peaks 1-2 hours, lasts up to three days or more. Timing-patient must find triggers (hormones, food, letdown after stress, sensory stimuli, weather changes, physical activity) May have aura or non aura, photo/phono phobia, irritability, dizziness, confusion, family history, triptans (abortive therapy), long term therapy (beta blockers, ant seizure medication, neuropathy medications, NSAIDS), rest dark quiet room |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Unilateral, behind the eye, temple or forehead, sharp stabbing, burning pain, excruciating. Abrupt onset, lasts 30 minutes to two hours, multiple times a day or in clusters (1-2 a day can last from months to years and then remit for months to years).
Exacerbated by alcohol, stress, extreme weather exposure, runny nose and eyes, eyelid droop, irritability, agitation, patient may pace, move even hit head with or against object, high risk of suicide, predominantly male. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Anterior portion of septum, holds a rich vascular network
Most common site of nosebleeds |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| lateral walls of each nasal cavity contain three bony projections :superior, middle, and inferior turbinates |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Cranial Nerve I
Receptors for smell merge into olfactory nerve, which transmits to temporal lobe of brain.
Not necessary for human survival but smell adds to nutrition by enhancing pleasure and taste of food |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Occurs with age or
sometimes due to overuse of Zicam or other nasal sprays.
Overuse can also make them less effective. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
behind folds of tissue in mouth, mass of lymphoid tissue, look more granular and surface shows deep crypts
Enlarges during childhood until puberty |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Surface of teeth look worn down or abraded, old dental work deteriorates especially at gum margins, teeth loosen with bone resorption and may move with palpation.
Tongue looks moother as a result of papillary atrophy.
Buccal mucosa is thinned and may look shinier as though it was varnished |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| common, but not significant unless airflow is obstructed |
|
|
Term
| Lips darker pigmented patient |
|
Definition
| will normally have bluish lips and a dark line on gingival margin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| pink or coral with stippled (dotted) surface |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| thin fold of mucosa in the middle of the floor of the mouth that runs from the gums behind the lower central incisors to the middle of the underside of the tongue, can easily be seen when the tongue is raised. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oral malignancies often seen here.
Note any white patches, nodules or ulcerations.
If lesions are present with person over 50 years old and with a positive history of smoking or alcohol use, use gloved hand to palpate the area.
Place your other hand under jaw to stabilize tissue and to "capture" any abnormality, note any induration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
benign grayish opaque area, more common in african americans and east indians.
Severity of condition increases with age, looking grayish white and thickened, cause of condition is unknown.
Do not mistake for oral infections such as cadidiasis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small isolated white or yellow papules on mucosa of cheek, tongue and lips
sebaceous cysts, painless and not significant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal variation is a nodular bony ridege down middle of hard palate, benign growth arises after puberty and is more common findin gin native american, inuites and asians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Observe uvula, normally looks like fleshy pendant hanging in midline, ask patient to say ahhh and note soft palate and uvula rise in midline, tests one function of vagus nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1+ visible
2+ halfway between tonsillar pillars and uvual
3+ touching uvula
4+ touching each other |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Tests cranial nerves IX and X |
|
|
Term
| Testing cranial Nerve XII |
|
Definition
hypogloassal nerve
have person stick out tongue, should protrude midline, note any tremor, loss of movement, or deviation to side
notice any breath odor (halitosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nose bleed, spontaneous or induced
common site is Kiesselbachs plexus
Anterior hemorrhage is easily controlled but posterior hemorrhage may require cautary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
canker sore
painful, lasts 1-2 weeks, caused by stress fatigue and or food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Illicit drug use, prescription, trauma, nasal surgery or chronic infection |
|
|
Term
| Acute and chronic rhinitis |
|
Definition
| The first sign is a clear, watery discharge, rhinorrhea, which later becomes purulent. This is accompanied by sneezing and swollen mucosa, which causes nasal obstruction. Turbinates are dark red and swollen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chalky, white, thick raised patch with well defined, raised border. Does not scrape off, chronic irritation from tobacco, precancerous to squamous cell carcinoma |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| all ages, white cheese, curdlike, patch on buccal mucosa and tongue, opportunistic, antibiotics, corticosteroids, immunosuppressed, herpes simplex, viral, self limiting, may limit infection with acyclovir |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AKA tongue tied, short lingual frenulum. Limits mobility and affects speech, espcially A, D, N. Congenital |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal coating interspersed with bright red, shiny, circular areas with raised pearly boarders. cause is unknown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
surface is slick and shiny, mucosa thins and looks red from decreased papillae
dry and will burn
vitamin B12, folic acid and iron deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not hair, elongated filiform papillae and overgrowth of mycelial threads of fungus, black to yellow, antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AKA scrotal tongue
Deep furrows divide the papillae into irregular rows, common in patients with downs syndrome, may occur in severe dehydration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an ulcer with rolled edges, indurated at the sides and base of the tongue
risk for metastasis is present due to lymph drainage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| look severed or cut in two, may indicate a cleft palate, if a variation of normal in american indians |
|
|
Term
| Acute tonsillitis and pharyngitis |
|
Definition
Bright red swollen tonsils, white or yellow exudate on tonsils and pharynx.
Accompanied by sore throat, fever >101, nausea and HA
If untreated B hemolytic strep can cause rheumatic fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
eardrum; translucent membrane with a pearly gray color, oval and slightly concave.
Cone shaped light reflex prominent in anteroinferior quadrant, a reflection of the otoscope light.
Sections of malleus are visible through translucent drum, the umbo, manubrium and short process. At periphery annulus looks whiter and dense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opening that connects middle ear with nasopharynx and allows passage of air
Normally closed but opens with swallowing or yawning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Conducts sound vibrations from outer ear to central hearing apparatus in inner ear
Protects inner ear by reducing amplitude of loud sounds
Eustachian tube allows equalization of air pressure on each side of TM so that it does not rupture |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| holds sensory organs for equilibrium and hearing; inner ear |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| signals to both sides of the brainstem which are sensitive to differences in intensity and timing of messages from two ears, depending on way head is turned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
air conduction-most efficient
Bone conduction-bones of skull vibrate and are transmitted directly to the inner ear and cranial nerve VII |
|
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Term
|
Definition
mechanical dysfunction of external or middle ear
Partial loss because person is able to hear if sound amplitude is increased enough to reach normal nerve elements in inner ear
may be cause by impacted cerumen, foreign bodies, a perforated TM, pus or serum in the middle ear, and ostosclerosis which is a decrease in mobility of ossicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decrease in mobility of ossicles
Common cause of hearing loss in young adults between age 20-40
ie: 31 year old patient tells you he has had progressive loss in his hearing, he says that it doesn't seem to help when people speak louder or if he turns up the volume |
|
|
Term
| Sensorineural hearing loss |
|
Definition
| may be caused by presbycusis, which is a gradual nerve degeneration that occurs with aging and by ototoxic drugs which affect hair cells in cochlea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of hearing loss that occurs with agining. gradual sesorineural hearing loss caused by nerve degeneration in inner ear or auditory nerve. Onset usually begins in 50;s and slowly progresses. First notice a high frequency tone loss. Ability to localize sound is impaired, accentuated with background noise present. Auditory reaction time increases after age 70, takes longer to process sensory input and to respond to it |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Labyrinth in inner ear constantly feeds info to brain about body's position in space
If ever becomes inflamed, feeds wrong information to the brain, creating a staggering gait and a strong spinning, whirling sensation called vertigo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the most common illnesses in children. Early signs include hypomobility of membrane, as pressure increases the TM will begin to bulge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Asians and American Indians have 84% chance of dry cerumen
Blacks have a 99% of wet cerumen
Whites 97% frequency of wet cerumen |
|
|
Term
| To inspect ears with Otoscope |
|
Definition
| pull pinna up and back on an adult or older child to straighten S shape of the canal (pull down on infant or child under 3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Show scarring in some adults on TM, white patch on TM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes reddish blue discoloration and swelling of the auricle, vesicles or bullae may develop and the person feels pain and tenderness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
swimmers ear, may have enlarge superficial cervical nodes
Swimming causes the external canal to become waterlogged and swell, which is a set up for infection.
prevented by using rubbing alcohol or 2% acetic acid eardrops after swimming |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| presents as black or white dots on the drum or canal wall |
|
|
Term
| Pupil size Stimulation of parasympathetic branch |
|
Definition
| through cranial nerve III causes constriction of pupil |
|
|
Term
| Pupil size stimulation of sympathetic branch |
|
Definition
| dilates pupil and elevates eyelid |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| determined by balance between amount of aqueous produces and resistance to outflow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| images formed on retina is upside down and reversed |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| lens loses elasticity, becoming hard and glasslike which decreases ability to change shape to accommodate for near vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by age 70, normally transparent fibers of lens begin to thicken and yellow |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| lens opacity resulting from clumping of proteins in the lends |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased intraocular pressure, chronic open angle glaucoma is the most common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of cells in macula of retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common cause of blindness, person is unable to read fine print, sew or do fine work. Loss of central vision may cause great distress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First number is what patient can read chart at measured in feet and second number is number of feet a person with normal vision can read chart. If a person is unable to see even the larges letters, shorten distance to chart until it is seen and record that distance (10/20) |
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic positions test |
|
Definition
| Leading eyes through six cardinal position of gaze will elicit any muscle weakness during movement progress clockwise with movement, normal response is parallel tracking of object with both eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| see white rim of sclera between lid and iris during diagnostic positions test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constriction of same sided pupil responding to light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simultaneous constriction of other pupil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Normal response.
Pupils equal, rounded, react to light and accomodation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased intracranial pressure causes venous stasis in the globe, showing redness, congestion, and elevation of the disc; blurred margins; hemorrhages; and absent venous pulsations. This is a serious sign of intracranial pressure, usually caused by a space-occupying mass (e.g., a brain tumor or hematoma). Visual acuity is not affected. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Appearance, behavior, cognition, thought processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focuses only on cognitive functioning, not on mood or thought processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gives a chance to interact directly with child to assess mental status, birth to 6 years of age, helps identify those who may be slow in development in behavioral, language, cognitive and psychosocial areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for school aged children 7-11, covers five major areas, mood, play, school, friends, and family relations. Easy to administer and lasts 5 minutes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| functional units of muskuloskeletal system, permitting mobility needed for activities of daily living |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| fibrous bands running directly from one bone to another, strengthen joint and help prevent motion in undesirable directions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| straightening limb at joing |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| moving limb away from midline of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moving limb toward midline of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| turning forearm so palm is down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| turning forearm so palm is up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moving arm in circle around shoulder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moving sole of foot inward at ankle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moving sole of foot outward at ankle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moving head around central axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moving body part forward, parallel to ground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moving body part backward, parallel to ground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TMJ, articulation of mandible and temporal bone, can feel it in depression anterior to tragus of ear, permits jaw function of speaking and chewing, allows three motions, hinge action, gliding action for protrusion and retraction, gliding for side to side movement of lower jaw |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
3-4 coccygeal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imaginary line connecting highest point on each iliac crest crosses L4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| help cushion spine like shock absorber and help it move |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| articulation of humerus with glenoid fossa of scapula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of four muscles and tendons support and stabilize shoulder |
|
|
Term
| Palpable landmark shoulder |
|
Definition
| can feel the bump of the scapula's acromion process at very top of shoulder |
|
|
Term
| metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints |
|
Definition
| permit finger flexion and extension |
|
|
Term
| Palpation of hip bony landmarks |
|
Definition
ischial tuberosity lies under gluteus maximus muscles and palpable when hip is flexed.
greater trochanter of femur below iliac crest and between anterior superior iliac spine and ischial tuberosity
Felt best when person standing in flat depression on upper lateral side of thigh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest joint in the body, hinge joint permitting flexion and extension of lower leg in a single plane |
|
|
Term
| Ankle or tibiotalar joint |
|
Definition
| articulation of tibia, fibula, and talus |
|
|
Term
| Postural changes of aging |
|
Definition
Shortening of vertebral column caused by loss of water content and thinning of intervertebral disks.
Decrease in height of individual vertebrae, which occurs in later years from osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ask person to hold both hands back to back while flexing wrists 90 degrees, acute flexion of wrist for 60 seconds produces no sx in normal hand, numbness and burning present in person with carpal tunnel syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct percussion of location of median nerve at wrist produce no sx in normal hand. Produces burning and tingling along its distribution, which is a positive tinels sign for carpal tunnel syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for swelling in suprapatellar pouch, bulge sign confirms presence of fluid as you try to move fluid from one side of joint to another. Firmly stroke up on medial aspect of knew two or three times to displace any fluid, tap lateral aspect and watch medial side in hollow for distinct bulge from a fluid wave, normally none is present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| worse in the morning, movement decreases pain, fingers drift to the ulnar due to stretching of the articular capsule and muscle imbalance (swan neck deformity), olcraneon bursitis (SQ nodules nontender) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased skeletal bone mass occurring when rate of bone resorption is greater than bone formation, common menopausal, white, thin, women. physical activity and weight bearing activity reduce the risk, calcium with vitamin D |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tennis elbow, epicondyles, head of the radius and tendons are common sites of inflammation and local tenderness, usually occurs in the lateral epicondyle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| audible and palpable crunching that accompanies movement and occurs when articular surfaces in the joints are roughened |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acute gout occurs primarily in men of 50 years of age, clinical presentation consists of redness, swelling, heat, and extreme tenderness.
Gout is a metabolic disorder of disturbed purine metabolism, associated with elevated serum uric acid |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
| all nerve fibers outside of the brain and spinal cord (contains 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| messages carried via the peripheral nervous system to CNS from sensory receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| messages carried from CNS to muscles and glands as well as autonomic messages that govern internal organs and blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| center of functions governing thoughts, memory, reasoning, sensation, and voluntary movement. Divided into hemispheres and each hemisphere divided into lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| personality, behavior, emotions, and intellectual fuction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of frontal lobe that initiates voluntary movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| postcentral gyrus primary center for sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary visual receptor center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary auditory reception center, taste,smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporal lobe associated with comprehension. When damaged in person's dominant hemisphere, receptive aphasia results, person hears sound, but it has no meaning, like hearing a foreign language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in frontal lobe, mediates motor speech.
When injured in dominant hemisphere, expressive aphasia, person cannot talk, person can understand language and knows what they want to say but can only produce barbled sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when highly specialized neurologic cells are deprived of blood supply, such as when cerebral artery becomes occluded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initiate and coordinate movement and control automatic associated movements of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| main relay station where sensory pathways of spinal cord, cerebellum and brain stem form synapses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major respiratory center with many basic functions such as appetite, sex drive, temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, sleep, anterior and posterior pituitary gland regulation, and coordination of autonomic nervous system, stress response and emotional status |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coordinates many different muscles needed in playing piano, swimming, or juggling. Adjusts and corrects voluntary movements but operates entirely below conscious level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| originate from nuclei in brain stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enlarged area containing ascending sensory and descending motor tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuation of spinal cord in brain, contains all fiber tracts connecting brain and spinal cord. has vital autonomic centers (respiratory, heart, GI function), nuclei for CN VII-ZII |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| main highway for ascending and descending fiber tracts that connect the brain to spinal nerves, and it mediates reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receives sensory information from and controls motor function to the right side of the body (right interacts with left) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sensation travels in afferent fibers in peripheral nerve through posterior (dorsal) root and into spinal cord.
May take one of two routes: sponothalamic tract or posterior columns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains sensory fibers that transmit sensations of pain, temperature, and crude or light touch. Fibers enter dorsal root of spinal cord and synapse with a second sensory neuron. At thalamus, fibers synapse with third sensory neuron, carrying message to sensory cortex for full interpretation |
|
|
Term
| For Example: if you cap a need the part of the brain that interprets this is... |
|
Definition
| lateral spinothalamic tract, thalamus, and sensory cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain originating from organs to another area. ie: pain in heart referred to chest, shoulder, and left arm, neighbors in fetal development, pain originating in spleen felt on left shoulder |
|
|
Term
| For Example... A patient presenting with chest pain |
|
Definition
| does not have pain that is sensed directly from his heart. The heart is not on the "pain map". Pain is felt by "proxy" or by another part that does not have a felt image. (chest wall, right arm, neck, jaw) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corticospinal or pyramidal tract fibers mediated voluntary movement, particularly very skilled discrete, purposeful movements, such as writing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor nerve fibers travel to brain stem crossing to opposite, contralateral side and then pass down in lateral column of spinal cord (somatotopic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain muscle tone and control body movements, especially gross autonomic movements such as walking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coordinates movement, maintains equilibrium and posture, receives information on position of muscles and joints, body's equilibrium, and kind of motor messages sent from cortex to muscles |
|
|
Term
| For Example... A 30 year old woman tells you that she has been very unsteady and has had difficulty in maintaining her balance |
|
Definition
| You as an RN should be concerned wit her cerebellum because it coordinates movement, maintains equilibrium and helps maintain posture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corneal reflex, abdominal reflex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pupillary responses to light |
|
|
Term
| pathologic abnomral reflex |
|
Definition
| babinski's reflex or extensor plantar reflex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower diancephalon and brain stem |
|
|
Term
| 12 pairs of cranial nerves |
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Definition
| supply primarily head and neck, except vagus nerve which travels to heart, respiratory muscles, stomach and gallbladder |
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Term
| 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
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Definition
arise from length of spinal cord and supply rest of the body, named for region of spine from which they exit.
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal |
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Term
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Definition
circumscribed skin area supplied mainly from one spinal cord segment through particular nerve.
Overlap, if one nerve is severed, most of sensations are transmitted by one above and one below |
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Term
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Definition
| innervate skeletal (voluntary) muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| innervate smooth (involuntary) muscles, cardiac muscles and glands |
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Term
| Aging adult neurologic system changes |
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Definition
velocity of nerve conduction decreases.
Increased delay at synapse leads to diminished sensation of touch, pain, taste and smell.
Motor system may show general slowing down of movement, muscle strength and agility decrease. Progressive decrease in cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption may cause dizziness and loss of balance |
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Term
| For example... An 80 yr old patient may be unable to identify vibrations at the ankle and positions of the big toe, he may have slower and more deliberate gait, and slightly impaired tactile sensation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Ol factory nerve, not tested routinely
Test sense of smell in those who report loss of smell, head trauma, and abnormal mental status, and when presence of intracranial lesion suspected |
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Term
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Definition
| test visual acuity and visual fields by confrontation, using opthalmoscope, examine ocular fundus to determine, color, size and shape of optic disc |
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Term
| Testing Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VI |
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Definition
Oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens
Palpebral fissures usually equal in width. Check pupils for size, regularity, equality, direct and consensual light reaction and accomodation. Assess extraoccular movements by cardinal positions. nystagmus is back and forth oscillation of eyes. |
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Term
| Example... If severe nystagmus in both eyes of patient, may indicate? |
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Definition
| Disease of the cerebellum or brainstem |
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Term
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Definition
presence in one or both eyes?
Pendular movement (oscillations move equally left to right) or jerk (a quick phase in one direction, then a slow phase in another). Amplitude-degree of movement (fine, medium, coarse). Frequency (constant, or fades after a few beats). Plane of movement (horizontal, vertical, rotary or combination |
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Term
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Definition
Trigeminal nerve
Mastication muscles for motor function.
Sensory function test all three division, opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular.
Corneal reflex only if person has abnormal facial sensation or abnormalities of facial movement. May be decreased in those that who have worn contact lenses |
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Term
| Testing Cranial Nerve VII |
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Definition
Facial Nerve
Motor function-note mobility and facial symmetry as person smiles, frowns, shows teeth, closes eyes tightly against attempt to open them, lift eyebrows. Have person puff cheeks, press on cheeks and determine if air escapes equally from both sides
Sensory function-(not tested routinely), sens of taste apply cotton applicator with sugar, salt or lemon juice to tongue and ask patient to identify taste |
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Term
| For example.. A patient has asymmetry when he smiles, frowns, eyebrows are uneven when lifting them, the lower eyelids are sagging, and air escapes when the nurse applied pressure against puffed cheeks. this indicates? |
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Definition
| dysfunction of motor component of CN VII |
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Term
| Testing Cranial Nerve VII |
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Definition
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Test hearing acuity by ability to hear normal conversation and by whispered voice test. |
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Term
| Testing cranial nerves IX and X |
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Definition
Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves
Motor: depress tongue with tongue blade and note pharyngeal movement as person says ah, uvula and soft palate should rise in midline and tonsillar pillars should move medially. test gag reflex. Voice should sound smooth not strained.
Sensory: Cranial nerv IX does mediate taste on posterior one third of tongue but technically too difficult to test |
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Term
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Definition
Spinal accessory nerve
check equal strength by asking patient to rotate head against resistance and shrug shoulders against resistance. |
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Term
| Testing Cranial Nerve XII |
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Definition
hypoglossal nerve
inspect tongue for wasting or tremors.
Note forward thrust in midline as person protrudes tongue. Have person say light, tight, dynamite. |
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Term
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Definition
| Persuade person to relax completely and move each extremity smoothly through a full range of motion, normally, note mild, even resistance to movement |
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Term
| For Example... You are examining a 35 year old male patient and you ask him to relax his muscles completely. you move each extremity through full range of motion and you would expect to see? |
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Definition
| mild, even resistance to movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Ask person to stand up with feet together and arms at sides, when in stable position ask person to close eyes and hold position for 20 seconds. Normally person can maintain posture and balance even with visual orienting information blocked. A positive romberg test is abnormal (swaying, falling, widening base of feet to avoid falling) |
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Term
| Rapid Alternating Movements RAM Test |
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Definition
Finger to finger test-with eyes open ask person to use index finger to touch your finger, then their own nose, then move finger to continue test.
Person's movement should be smooth and accurate. |
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Term
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Definition
| patient is unable to perform rapid alternating movements such as patting his knees rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
| slow clumsy movements and the inability to perform rapid alternating movements |
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Term
| For Example.. A 29 year old woman complain of "always dropping things and falling down". while testing RAM the nurse notices that the woman is unable to pat both her knees, her response is very slow and she misses frequently. this would indicate? |
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Definition
| Dysfunction of the cerebellum |
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Term
| For Example... Summation occurs when frequent consecutive stimuli are perceived as a strong stimuli. To avoid summation the nurse should? |
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Definition
| allow two seconds to elapse between stimulus to avoid summation |
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Term
| For example.. The assessment of a 60 year old patient has taken longer than anticipated. In testing his pain perception the nurse decides to complete the test as quickly as possible. When the nurse applies the sharp point of the pin on his arm several times, he is only able to ID these as one "very sharp pin prick"... The most likely explanation is? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Test person's ability to feel vibrations of tuning fork over bony prominences such as ankle bone. Compare right side with left side |
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Term
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Definition
| test person's ability to perceive passive movement of extremities or position sense |
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Term
| For Example... A 41 year old diabetic is unable to feel the vibrations of a tuning fork on her great toe or ankle bilaterally, but she feels vibration on both patellae. With this information the nurse suspeces? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| test person's ability to recognize objects by feeling their forms, sizes and weights |
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Term
| For example... A nurse places a key in the hand of a patient and he identifies the object as a penny. This is considered? |
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Definition
| astereognosis or absence of stereognosis |
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Term
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Definition
| L4-S2. Position thigh with slight external rotation. With reflex hammer, draw a light stroke up lateral side of sole of foot and inward across ball of foot, like an upside down J, normal response is plantar flexion of toes and inversion and flexion of forefoot |
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Term
| For Example... You are testing a patients superficial reflexes of an older adult. When stroking up the lateral side of the sole and across the ball of the foot you notice the plantar flexion of the toes. This finding should be documented as? |
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Definition
| Plantar reflex is present |
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Term
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Definition
| diminished or absent superfical reflexes, and increased muscle tone or spasticity can be expected to upper motor neuron lesions. Would be present in CVA |
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Term
| For Example.. A patient who has a intervertebral disk or motor neuron would have which signs? |
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Definition
| loss of tone, flaccidity, atrophy, fasciculations, hyporeflexia, and areflexia |
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Term
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Definition
| Occassionally occur in the aging adult. Benign tumors include an intention tremor of hands, head nodding, and tongue protrusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of sensation of vibration at ankle malleolus common, loss of ankle jerk, tactile sensation may be impaired, may need stronger stimuli for light touch and especially for pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| optic disc swelling, protruding due to increased intracranial pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden, rapid jerky, purposeless movements that involve the limbs, trunk or face. Occurs at irregular intervals and the movements are all accentuated by voluntary actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| 78 year old male has history of CVA, you note that when he walks his left arm is immobile against the body with fleion of the shoulder, elbow, wrist and fingers and adduction of the shoulder. His left leg is stiff and extended and circumducts with each step |
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Term
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Definition
| Assessing a 62 year old man the nurse notices the patient has a stooped shuffling walk with short steps, flat facial expression and pill rolling finger movements |
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