Term
| Name the 4 Chambers of the heart? |
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Definition
| Left and Right Atria (singular: atrium) receive blood coming from circulation; when they contract, blood is pushed into the ventricles. Left and Right Ventricles sit below the atria and receive blood from the atria; when they contract, blood pumps into circulation. – A&P 1.2 The Heart pg. 3 |
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Term
| Name the 4 Valves of the heart and their functions? |
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Definition
| Atrioventricular (AV) valves (mitral and tricuspid valves) and the semilunar (SL) valves (aortic and pulmonary valves). The valves open to let blood through and close to prevent backflow based on changes in pressure as the heart contracts and relaxes. The atrioventricular valves are located between atria and ventricles. The pulomonary semilunar valve sits between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, and the aortic semilunar valve separates the aorta and the left ventricle. – A&P 1.2 The Heart pg. 3 |
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Term
| Explain Systemic Circulation. |
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Definition
Systemic Circulation:
• The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the right and left pulmonary veins
• The left atrium pumps the blood into the left ventricle, where it is ejected through the aortic SL valve and into the aorta
• From the aorta, blood divides into separate streams and flows into progressively smaller systemic arteries that carry it to all organs of the body, except for the alveolar sacs in the lungs, which are supplied by the pulmonary circulation
• From the arteries, it flows into arterioles and then capillaries, where across thin capillary walls, the exchange of nutrients and gases occur
• From the capillaries, the deoxygenated blood enters the venules and is carried away from the tissues
• The venules lead to veins, which eventually take the deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
• The right atrium pumps the deoxygenated blood into the right ventricle; from here it will enter the pulmonary circulation |
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Term
| Explain pulmonary circulation |
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Definition
The pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the heart. Its pathway is as follows:
• The right atrium receives the deoxygenated blood returning from systemic circulation and pumps it into the right ventricle
• The right ventricle ejects it into the pulmonary trunk, which splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries
• The pulmonary arteries carry the deoxygenated blood into the right and left lungs, where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen
• The oxygenated blood flows through pulmonary veins and returns to the left atrium where it is pumped into the left ventricle and ejected into systemic circulation, and the circuit continues. A&P 1.4 Systemic Circulation pg. 4 and A&P 1.5 Pulmonary Circulation pg. 6 |
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Term
| Name the five types of blood vessels and their functions. |
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Definition
| Arteries: carry oxygenated blood away from the heart toward other organs. Arterioles: smaller blood vessels that regulate the flow of blood from the arteries into capillaries. Capillaries: the smallest vessels; connect arterioles to venules; the exchange of substances (eg, oxygen, carbon dioxide) between blood and body tissue occurs through capillary walls. Venules: small vessels that link capillaries to veins and begin the return of blood back to heart. Veins: return deoxygenated blood from the body tissue to the heart. - A&P 2.4 Types of Blood Vessels pg. 19 |
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Term
| Describe the steps in Hemostasis. |
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Definition
| 1. Vascular Spasm, 2. Platelet Plug Formation and 3. Coagulation Cascade. A&P Hemostasis (Steps in Hemostasis) pg. 1 |
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Term
| Explain Coronary Circulation? |
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Definition
| Blood enters coronary circulation through the coronary arteries, which branch from the ascending aorta and wrap around the heart like a crown. Blood then moves from arteries to capillaries and then to coronary veins. The majority of deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the coronary sinus, where it empties into the right atrium and is pumped into pulmonary circulation, - A&P Coronary Circulation pg. 5 |
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Term
| Explain the difference between veins and arteries? |
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Definition
The intima and media of veins are thinner than those of arteries
The lumen of a vein is larger than that of a comparable artery
The average blood pressure is considerably lower in veins than in arteries
Many veins contain valves, which project into the lumen and point toward the heart;
valves help prevent the backflow of blood. A&P 2: Blood and Blood Vessels (Summary of Blood and Blood Vessels) pg. 21 |
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Term
| Name the 3 risk factors for forming spontaneous thrombus, referred to as the Virchow Triad? |
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Definition
Damage to the blood vessel endothelium
Abnormal blood flow (may be stasis or turbulence)
Hypercoagulability (a condition of increased tendency of blood to coagulate) A&P 3: Hemostasis (Summary of Hemostasis -Table) pg. 41 |
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Term
| The platelet plug formation consists of 3 steps. Name each step and its functions? |
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Definition
Platelet adhesion: circulating platelets recognize areas of endothelial damage and stick to the injured sites
Platelet activation: once anchored to the injured area, platelets become activated and extend many finger-like projections, which enable them to interact with one another; they also release a variety of chemicals that are important for hemostasis
Platelet aggregation: additional platelets are recruited from the circulation to injured area and stick to the existing platelets, eventually forming a mass known as a platelet plug. A&P 3: Hemostasis (Summary of Hemostasis –Table) pg. 41 |
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Term
| Which body system is responsible for dissolving unneeded clots? |
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Definition
The fibrinolytic system is the body’s mechanism for dissolving unneeded clots by:
limiting the size of the final clot
dissolving the clot once the damaged vessel is repaired
dissolving small clots that have formed inappropriately
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Term
| How does Plasminogen work to dissolve clots? |
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Definition
Plasminogen is incorporated into a forming clot and activated to plasmin, which:
disolves the clot by breaking down the fibrin threads contained within the clot
inactivates fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V & XII.
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Term
| A number of compounds that delay, suppress, or prevent clotting, termed anticoagulants, are present in blood and include: |
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Definition
antithrombin: binds to and inactivates thrombin
Heparin: combines with antithrombin to increase its ability to inactivate thrombin
Activated protein C (APC): inactivates the 2 major clotting factors that are not blocked by antithrombin and enhances the activity of plasminogen activator
A&P 3: Hemostasis (Hemostasis Cont’d) pg. 4 |
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