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RS 204 Final
key terms
70
Religious Studies
Undergraduate 3
12/12/2010

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Term
Critical Thinker
Definition
Someone who uses specific criteria to evaluate reasoning, form position and make decisions and helps us develop and exhibit personal traits such as fair-mindedness and empathy.
Term
Three elements of an Argument
Definition
1. Issue: What we are arguing about and the question that is being addressed in the issue.
2. Conclusion: Position taken on the issue
3. Reasons: Statements that provide support to the conclusion
Term
Issue
Definition
What we are arguing about and the question that is being addressed in the issue
Term
Conclusion:
Definition
Position taken on the issue
Term
Reasons:
Definition
Statements that provide support to the conclusion
Term
Reasons/ Premises
Definition
Direct Statements that provide evidence to support the claim
Term
Four Primary uses of logical Argumentation
Definition
1. Persuasion
2.Explanation
3.Discovery Analysis
4.Recording Inferences
Term
Persuasion
Definition
Getting someone to take an action or to change in what they believe in using complex and strong detail
Term
Explanation
Definition
Teach new information; explain the why and how things occur
Term
Discovery Analysis
Definition
To get the truth and accuracy of info
less frequently used
Term
Recording Inferences
Definition
Making arguments with missing or implied parts leads to likely or reasonable conclusions
Term
Toulmin's Model
Definition
Claims (Conclusions)
Warrant
Reasons
Term
Claim
Definition
Statements of an individuals beliefs; same as a conclusion
Term
Warrant
Definition
Those unstated but necessary links between reason and links.
Term
Backing
Definition
Evidence that supports warrants
Term
Values
Definition
Ideals. standards, and principles you believe are important and consider worthy
Term
Value Asssumptions
Definition
Beliefs about what is good and important that form the basis of an individual's opinion on issues.
Term
Ethics/Morals
Definition
A set of standards to determine what is right and wrong
Term
Libertarianism
Definition
A system in which the behavior of someone does not affect the freedom of others.
Believe highest value is to promote individual liberty
Term
Utilitarianism
Definition
When behavior is ethical and promotes happiness to the fullest extent, and minimizes the amount of unhappiness.
Term
Egalitarianism
Definition
Believe highest value is equality. Justice and opportunities should be distributed equally
Term
Ideal Vs. Real Values
Definition
Ideal values what you believe is right and good. Real values is what one considers to be right and good and is acted upon in real life
Term
Prima Facie Values
Definition
Ethical principles that are considered to be self-evident to rational individuals of every culture.
Term
Reality Assumptions
Definition
Implied beliefs about what is true and factual about the world; based on unique experience and education of the individual.
Term
Hidden Assumptions
Definition
Beliefs of a person that aren't directly stated; you can find hidden assumptions by closely examining what a person is saying and finding the underlying meaning of it
Term
Deductive Reasoning
Definition
What is true in a given situation, from cause to effect
Term
Syllogism
Definition
The argument of the conclusion that is supported by two premises; major premises, contains the term that is part of the conclusion and minor premises, which is the subject of the conclusion.
Term
Validity
Definition
When the correct deductive form is logical
Term
Soundness
Definition
When the form is valid and content is true.
Term
Major Premise
Definition
If A then B (the subject of the syllogism)
Term
Minor Premise
Definition
Expressed in an occurance of principle set in the major premise.
Term
Categorical Statement
Definition
A statement in which members of one class are said to be included in another class.
Term
Conditional/ Hypothetical Syllogism
Definition
Contains at least one hypothetical (if then) premise. Asserting if first part (antecedent) is true, then second part (consequent) is also true.
Term
Chain Argument
Definition
A third form of the conditional argument
Ex. If A, then B.
If B, then C
Therefore, if A, then C.
Term
Antecedent
Definition
Major Premise
Term
Consequent
Definition
Minor Premise
Term
Modus Ponens
Definition
Affirming the antecedent.

If A, then B.
A.
Therefore, B
Term
Modus Tollens
Definition
Denying the consequent.

If A, then B.
Not B.
Therefore, not A
Term
Disjunctive Syllogism
Definition
If one possibility is true, then the other possibility is false.

Either A or B.
Not B.
Therefore, A.
Term
Argument by Elimination
Definition
Seeks to logically rule out various possibilities until only a single possibility remains
Term
Enthymeme
Definition
A syllogism with a key part or parts implied rather than directly stated.
Term
Grounds
Definition
Claims and reasons that need evidence
Term
Stereotyping
Definition
Classifying people, places, or things according to common traits.
Term
Premise of contention
Definition
Questioning the minor premise.
Term
Faulty analogies
Definition
2 things being compared that are different

ex: apples and oranges
Term
Post Hoc
Definition
Events occurred in a similar time period, one is seen as the cause of the other
Term
Ad Hominem
Definition
Attacking the person

ex: the woman is not qualified for a position on city council because she is a homemaker
Term
Tu Quoque
Definition
Someone rationalizes that one person's or group's action is justified because some other groups action is just as bad
Term
Slippery Slope
Definition
If one event occurs other will follow; based on speculation
Term
Straw Man
Definition
Exaggerate argument

ex: I dont believe in the death penalty

Then you think criminals should run the streets
Term
Hasty Conclusions
Definition
Making a claim without sufficient information to back it up
Term
Red Herring
Definition
Distract your attention by getting you on the defense, change the issue
Term
Ad verecundiam
Definition
Appeal to authority; using prestige or respect of a supporter of an argument for acceptance or rejection of an argument.
Term
Ad populum
Definition
Jumping the bandwagon; because everyone's doing it, you should do it too.
Term
Appeal to tradition
Definition
When something is supported because it's the way it's always been done; not looking for evidence to justify it.
Term
Ad Misericordian
Definition
appeal to pity

argument are those based on providing emotional excuses connected to extenuating circumstances to justify unacceptable behavior
Term
Ad Novarum
Definition
[Appeal to newness]
arguments are those in which an item's status as new automatically makes it better than other such items.
Term
Ad Baculum
Definition
Appeal to Force
Term
False Dilemma
Definition
Limited number of options

ex: either you are with the united states or your with the terrorists
Term
Begging the Question
Definition
Cant win either way

ex: Have you stopped beating your wife?

or prove to me i'm wrong!
Term
non sequitur
Definition
t doesn't make sense and has nothing to do with the conclusion
Term
Guilt by Association
Definition
Argument based on a person's reputation rather than the issue.
Term
Induction
Definition
Process of drawing generalizations from known facts or research to give strength and support to conclusions
Term
Inductive Reasoning
Definition
Gives you the propability for the conclusion, support that is not certain with the conlcusion, there are to many variables
Term
Statistical Evidence
Definition
Data collected by polling and research studies that can be used to make statistical generalizations.
Term
Statistical Generalization
Definition
Inferences drawn from statistical evidence that are used to give strength to inductive arguments.
Term
Causal Generalization
Definition
Generalizations that state a particular factor as responsible for a specific event.
Term
Controlled Studies
Definition
Highly controlled point toward more the future, make observations and draw conclusion
Term
Expert Testimony
Definition
Information from experts in a specific field. An expert is someone who has education, experience or both about the topic.
Term
Analogy
Definition
Compare two like things. Used to strengthen inductive arguments
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