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| SE of Jerusalem by Dead Sea, against religion in Jerusalem, hermits, religious establishment corrupt, read and copied Old Testament. John the Baptist. 1930’s, boy looking for sheep found jars containing manuscripts of book of Isaiah called Dead Sea Scrolls, believed in coming Messiah, believed in 1000 year ring |
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| collections of artifacts found at sanctuary sites, useful for economic/business and religious regions, archaeology provided different reality from written sources, found in Ancient Rome |
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| conservative outlook, strict observant of religious tradition, created commentaries on Old Testament, translate Hebrew into Greek |
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| 35 AD ; Pharisee, instrumental in stoning of Stephen, brought back Christians for trial, had a virion of Jesus that converted him, wanted to persecute church, tribe of Benjamin, studied under Gamalliel, 3 missionary journeys (took gospel to fellow Jews, reached out to non Jews, believed Jesus to be the Messiah, systematize documents) |
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| 3rd Century AD – ruled by 4 emperors (2 supreme, 2 associate), ignored Senate, rigid social order to prevent civil war, descendants had same jobs, 1453 Ottoman church destroyed east |
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| 3rd Century AD – tetrarchy failed, two emperors, Constantine in east, Maximus in west, absolute will over subjects, seen as gods, no difference between church and state, Christianized |
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| 323 AD – bishops and pastors came to meeting in Nicaea or modern Turkey to decide on church doctrine, extra books added in, false writings questionable authors, to decide if Arias was a hypocrite, impose Greek philosophy, rejected Aryanism; different view of identity/Jesus, led by Constantine, validity of baptism of heretics, Aryans believed Jesus was created BY God, the creed says Jesus IS God; discuss filoque (clause added to the Nicaean creed that says the holy spirit is from the father |
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4BC-30/31AD – born in Bethlehem, from Nazareth, 3 year ministry, 12 disciples, slaughtered by Romans. Seen as threat to religious establishments, a troublemaker. Taught: Opposed legalism, preached coming kingdom and repentance, said person could have intimate relationship with God, Hebrew ethics |
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| 69-30 BC –a Hellenistic ruler of Egypt, originally sharing power with her father Ptolemy XII, eventually gaining sole rule of Egypt. As Pharaoh, she consummated a liaison with Gaius Julius Caesar that solidified her grip on the throne. After Caesar's assassination, she aligned with Mark Antony, with him she produced a set of twins and a son. Cleopatra had four children in all, firstly, a born son by Caesar and three by Mark Antony. She was the last Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Her son by Julius Caesar, Caesarion, co-ruled in name with his mother only a very few years before Octavian, later on renamed Caesar Augustus, had him executed, most probably by strangulation, which in Antiquity was the execution method reserved for infants and pre-pubescent, thus adding humiliation to his execution. |
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| 251-356 AD : monasticism, hermits who lived in the Egyptian desert, achieve salvation and withdraw from corruption of society |
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| paid to lord, swear an oath of homage, substitute for kinship relationship, non-renewable, can’t back out, way of two men servicing each other, military and economic relationship |
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| (Rise of Rome: Founding in 753/625) – people believed he founded Rome, murdered Remus, wrote constitution and built city |
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| 4th – 5th Century AD : herecy; only those who survived persecution could be part of the church, church traditions didn’t matter |
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| soul assured of salvation, cultivation of spiritual to the exclusion of the physical disciplined body. Body prevents soul from thinking, welcome death, become hermit as a monk |
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| part of feudalism (10-13 Century), lord gives vassal a service tenement or part of his land |
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| 11th Century AD – permanent division between east and west church, who has final authority? E says bible, w says pope |
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| 7th – 8th Century AD – ruler dies so the land is divided among sons (France/Gall, W Germany, Poland) |
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| Reigned: 768-814 AD – aka Charlemagne. Destroyed Lombards, fought Saxons, fought in Spain against Basks, on the road most of the year, had Missi Dominici inform people of policies (find out plots and keep an eye on landowners), holy Roman emperor |
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| 10th Century AD -13th Century – Western Europe, binds Europe together, legal or customary principles as embodied as feudem as universal principle of military organization. Lord-vassal relationships |
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| owned land and could give to descendants as inheritance |
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