-Almost strict vegetarians

-Ate mostly uncooked food

-Cooking was very simple

-The mother of the house, or female slaves

under her direction

Where was the table during the early Republic?

How did the family sit?

-table was set in the Atrium

-Family sat on stools and benches

around the square table

What types of dishes were used during

the early Republic?

-common cockery or wood

-silver was cherished

What did the Romans use to eat?

(Utensils)

-Food was cut into bite-size portions

-Spoons and their fingers

In the times of the early Republic, who

did the Samnites find eating simple 

vegetables out of an earthen bowl?

-Manius Curius, conqueror of Pyrrhus

What did the Samnites find Manius Curius

eating, and from what?

-a simple dinner of vegetables

in a simple earthen bowl

Describe the Roman professional chef

during the early Republic. When

would he be hired?

-during special dinners, out of the ordinary

-brought with him his own utensils and helpers

-much like today's caterers

What introduced the Romans to luxourious

eating and living style?

-conquering and travelling to

Greece and Asia Minor

-The Punic Wars

In the last two centuries of the

Republic, how did the poor live and eat?

-Same as they always had

-Living frugally on dark bread, vegetables,

rarely meat

How did the soldiers in Caesar's army

turn their grain into bread?

-used handmills to grind

-then baked over campfires

How did the lifestyle of the rich change

in the last two centuries of

the Republic?

-became gluttons

-ransacked the world for new and rare foods

-Willing to spend anything on these

Who burlesques the lifestyle of the

vulgar rich in his Banquet of Trimalchio?

Describe the differences between

eating arrangments during the early

Republic and those of the last two centuries

of the Republic.

-instead of stools or benches, diners

reclined on couches

-Slaves now served at dinners

-A special dinner costume was worn

-Chefs were now part of the staff

Which friend of Cicero tried to

keep the old, simpler customs prominent

against the new lifestyle of the

vulgar rich?

-replace the new, expensive lifestyle of the rich

with the simple ways of the early Republic

How many meals a day were

customary for the Romans?

How many meals a day were considered more

healthful than three?

How many were considered more luxourious?

-Two

-Four

In early times and on the farm,

what were the three meals of the day,

and when were they eaten?

First: jentaculum - early morning

Second: cena - mid-day

Third: vesperna - late afternoon

In classical times, what mean was postponed

until the work of the day was over?

What meal was destoryed due to

this happening?

-cena was pushed into the late evening

-vesperna was destoryed

Give the Latin word for the meal

which replaced the noon-day luncheon.

-A social function

What was eaten most commonly

for breakfast (jentaculum)?

-bread

-sometimes dipped in wine or salt

-sometimes with raisens, olives, cheese

What kind of food was most

likely eaten for breakfast at a later hour,

by people who ate no lunch?

-Eggs

-mulsum, milk

What could people and schoolboys

in a hurry buy for breakfast

in a bakery?

Describe the food served at

luncheon (prandium).

-bread, salad, cheese, fruit, nuts,

cold leftovers from dinner

-sometimes hot meal and veges

-11 o'clock AM

What came after luncheon?

What happened during this?

 -seista, the mid-day rest

-all work was laid aside for 2-3 hours

-during the summer, everyone napped

Which two businesses were unaffected

by the seista?

Which meal was unknown in city life?

What was eaten for this meal?

-an early supper

-food left over from the noon dinner,

along with uncooked veges or fruit grown

on the farm

Give the Latin term used for the

early supper during early times.

What did it come to mean?

-merenda

-it came to mean snacks eaten

at any time during the day

Which meal was the practice of every

person of standing in Rome?

Why was the cena so valued by

the Romans?

-It was their only form of social

interaction

How often was a Roman male the guest

or host of a formal dinner?

-Every night, unless an emergancy

or unusual circumstance

prevented him from being there

What differed between the dinners of

the vulgar rich and the dinners of

wealthy country estates?

The vulgar rich were trying to show off.

The dinners at the estates were genuine

hospitality.

-No back, sloped from front to rear

-Had an arm at one end

-Divided into three parts by bolsters, pillows

placed against these

-Each divison sat one person, total of three

How many couches could typically fit in

a Roman dining room?

How many could a larger room fit?

-Three couches and one table

-Six couches and two tables

-The three couches took up three of four

sides of the table

-right against each other so recliners

wouldn't have to reach

-Slaves served from the free fourth side of

the table

How could someone find a fourth seat

on a dining couch?

-If they were a family member

or a very close friend

-Especially if they were a child

If an unexpected guest arrived,

who gave up their couch?

-A family member of the host

(most likely a child)

What were the unexpected friends of

expected guests called in Latin?

-umbrae, shadows

When guests were present, where did

the host's family sit?

-The wife sat on the edge of the couch

-Children sat on stools

Describe how a Roman would

recline on a couch.

-Approach couch from behind, and take his

assigned place on it, facing the table

-Would lay on his left side, supported

by his left elbow on a pillow

What were the three names given to

the different couches and individual

positions on the couch?

To a diner reclining in the middle of

a couch, where was the highest and

lowest position?

-The highest would be on his left

-The lowest would be on his right

Where did etiquette assign guests and host

when it came to the different couches?

-Guests would be on the highest

and middle couches

-The host and his family would be

on the lowest couch

What was the position of most honour

on a dining couch?

Define the Consul's Place.

-The lowest seat on the middle couch

-If a consul was present, he would

be seated there

-Very convienent spot for sending

and recieving messages

during dinner

-A curved couch invented in the early

years of the Empire

-circular table with a circular couch

-the two ends of the couch were the places

of honour; the right end was the Consul's Place

-Amount seated depended on the size

of the couch and table

What were the three pieces of furniture

in a Roman dining room?

-Like today's china cabinents

-To display silver and other tableware

-serving dishes and formal articles

(saltcellar to make offerings to the gods)

-not very large

-very expensive and very beautiful

-uncovered

What were the ordinary dishes

during the time of Augustus?

Describe them.

-Arrentine ware

-red-glazed pottery with relief designs

-pretty and inexpensive

What kind of silver tablewares

have been found?

What were the three different

courses of dinner called?

First: gustus - appetizers

Second: cena - dinner

Third: secunda mensa - dessert

What type of food was served during

the gustus (appetizer) course of dinner?

-Always eggs

-seafood, shellfish, and uncooked veges

What was drunk with the gustus (appetizer)?

Why?

- Mulsum

-Wine was considered too much for an empty stomach

Which two names also refer

to the gustus (appetizer)?

What type of food was eaten at the

cena course of dinner?

What was drunk during this course?

-fish, meat, fowls, cooked veges

-Often served in different courses

-Wine mixed with water, but moderately

 On how many courses did Augustus dine

on a regular basis? How many courses did

he never go past? 

-Three

-Six

What kind of food was eaten

for secunda mensa (dessert)?

-fresh fruit most common

-pastries, sweets, nuts

When did the real drinking begin

during a Roman cena?

Translate:

ab ovo ad mala

"From eggs to apples".

Which authors supplied

examples of simple, abundant and sumptuous

meals and menus?

-Juvenal

-Martial

-Macrobius

When did a formal dinner start, for how long

did it run, and when did it end?

-Started during mid-afternoon

-Usually ran three or four hours

-Ended around bedtime

They rose early.

What happened if a dinner was

expected to last longer than usual?

The dinner was started earlier, so

the guests could get their needed rest.

What was the form of entertainment at

regular family dinners?

-conversation (a rare thing today)

-a trained slave reading aloud

(ye olde TV dinners)

Describe what would happen during

"gentlemen's dinners".

entertainment: professional music, dancing,

and juggling

-sometimes presents given out

Who wrote couplets to attach to gifts

for guests at "gentlemen's dinners" in the Book

xiv of Epigrams?

-the gods were invoked

-like "saying grace"

-Sandels removed by own attendents

-Guests took their assigned places

-water and towels were passed around

to wash hands with

Describe how the courses were served.

-The courses were placed on the table

-Dishes were passed along the couches

-When a course was finished, slaves took the dishes away and water and towels were passed around to clean hands

-offerings were made to the lares, the household gods

-wine, salt and meal

Wine, meal and salt.

What did the guests do when ready to leave?

Why did Cato, according to Cicero, declare the Latin word convivium (living together) a better word for social intercourse than the Greek word symposium (drinking together)?

Define:

Latin word: convivium

Greek word: symposium

Latin: "living together"

Greek: "drinking together"

-a drinking bout

-called either comissatio or compotatio.

-amount of wine consumed

-not as formal

-"questionable amusements"

-the use of Greek customs, especially perfumes and flowers to stave off intoxication, the "master of the revels", and a different method of drinking

According to the Romans, what power does the scent of flowers and perfumes have when it comes to drinking alcohol?

When and how did Romans wear flowers to stave off intoxication?

-After dessert, when undiluted wine was served

-In necklaces and garlands on their head

After putting on their flowers, what type of game did the men of the comissatio/compotatio play?

Why? Who did they call on to help win?

-A game of dice, for the highest throw

-The winner would be the "master of the revels"

-He would call on his sweetheart or a god to help him

Define: rex bibendi

What was his job?

- "master of the revels"

-job not exactly known, we can guess

-at a comissatio/compotatio, determined portion of water added to wine, how everyone would drink, decided what each guest would do to entertain the others, and imposed penalties and forfeits for breaking rules.

-the wine was mixed in a large bowl as ordered by the "master of the revels"

-slaves ladled into guests' goblets

-the amount again depended on the "master of the revels"

How was wine measured in 

comissatio/compotatio-s?

At a comissatio/compotatio, everyone had to drink the same. How was this controlled?

-drinking was done in "healths"

-a guest would name someone to toast, and slaves would ladel one twelth to each letter in the name

-all the wine had to be swallowed in one gulp

-gambling

-going from house to house, totally drunk,

being drunk on the street

What kind of extremes were taken with decor at banquets of the vulgar rich?

What kind of food was served?

-couches made of silver

-wine instead of water for washing hands

-22 courses at one cena, 7000 birds served, livers of fish, tongues of flamingo, brains of peacocks and pheasants

What are the four conditions of Italy that make it perfect for growing foodstuffs?

I love that word. Foodstuffs. QTF.

-fertile soil contains essential chemical elements

-abundunt rainfall

-plenty of smaller rivers and steams

-weather molded from mountains and sea surronding it; widely differing conditions to grow different foods

What were the earliest Italian peoples?

What kind of food did they eat?

-Shepards

-meat, wild fruits and nuts

pecunia is the Latin word for "money". Where was this word derived from?

Where are the Roman names Fabius, Cicero, Piso, Caepio, Porcius, Vitellius, and Ovidius derived from specifically?

faba - bean, cicer - chickpea, pistor - miller,

caepe - onion, porcus - pig, vitellus - calf,

ovis - sheep

In which essay did Cicero state that a

"farmer's garden is a second meat supply"?                    

What were either native to Italy, or introduced

into it's ecosystem long before recorded history?

Apples, pears, plums and quinces

Which two fruits/veges were for sure introduced

to Italy's environment before recorded history?

In whose time were orchards and vineyards

flourishing?

Who gave their names to new kinds

of apples and pears?

Statesmen and generals

What kind of nuts were introduced

into Italy's ecosystem?

Almonds, filberts, hazelnuts, pistachios,

and walnuts.

Who introduced cherries to Italy, and where

did they come from?

Lucullus

-Cerasus in Pontus

-Long travelling times, no refrigeration

techniques

Artichokes, asparagus, beans, beets, cabbage, carrots, chicory, cucumbers, garlic, lentils, melons, onions, peas, poppy seed, pumpkins, radishes, and turnips

-As well as others unfimilar to us

What veges were used most by the early Romans?

-Onions were thought to be unrefined

-Beans were thought to be too heavy for a non-labouror to eat

-Greens for salad

-Eaten with honey for dessert

-Sprinked over bread before baking

-The Orient

-Pepper

-the great size of the carcess, couldn't keep

the meat fresh and clean

Sus, porcus, porca, aper

Define: suovetaurilia

Which three animals were sacrificed?

-A religious ceremony

-Pig, bull, sheep

- 6 sausages

-50 ways of cooking

Other than beef and pig, what other kinds of meat were used?

Mutton, veal and goat.

-garnished by their own feathers

-served at meals of the rich

Cranes, grouse, partidges, snipe, and woodcock

-Numerous small birds, such as Thrushes

Wild boar, hare and dormouse.

Shortly before the end of the Republic

Compare the cost of fresh fish and salted fish.

Why were they different?

Sheep's cheese: more digestable

Cow's milk: more palatable

Goat's milk: more yummy

As a sweetener in cooking and while eating

(no sugar).

Roman salt. Discuss.

-used for seasoning and as perservative

-first obtained by evaporated sea water, later mined

-manufacture was controlled by gov, and they kept the prices low so everyone could get it

What was the general term for any grain grown for food?

How many times does frumentum occur in Caesar's

Gallic Wars?

What grain was cultivated in ancient times, but went out of use except for the cake of confarreate ceremony of marriage? 

Ar

-grain was pounded into a mortar

-mixed with water

meta, lower millstone

catillus, upper stone

and the framework supporting it

Describe a mill.

-meta grund grain, which was poured in through two funnels

-massive, heavy framework

-Fitted for horses or mules pulling or for slaves pushing

-handmills

About when were professional bakers written about in Rome?

mater familas

Or a slave under her direction

-very rich families

-country estates/farmers

-bakers

-flour, water, salt and yeast into dough

-dough was kneaded in trough or simple machine

-bread was baked in a brick oven

-fire was built

-Fire underneath, heated the chamber on top

-the top was designed to keep the heat after fire was raked out

-little pot for water to keep bread moist as it was baking

-vent opened and closed to take bread out

-type of flour/grain used

-setting of millstones

-fineness of the sieves

panis plebeius (common), castrensis (army), sordidus (dark), or rusticus (country)

In the first century of our era, what bread did people prefer? What did they think was healthier?

-fine white bread

-whole-wheat bread

-cicular and flat

-divided by lines through the centre, four or more parts

-see coffeecake, think Roman bread

-bread, cakes, confections

How was the best Olive oil made? How did the Romans get the most oil?

-from half-ripe olives

-largest amount was from ripe olives

-used as butter/fats in cooking

-relishes and dressings

-Ripe were sprinkled with salt, left for five days untouched, salt then shaken off and fruit dried in the sun 

-Also kept in boiled grape juice

 -half-ripe olives were picked with stemsplaced in jars with best quality olive oil (taste of fresh olives for more than a year)

-pickled in sea brine

-green olives crushed, mixed with spices and vinegar

-stoning the olives ripe or half-ripe, choppingn up the pulp, seasoning with vinegar, coriander seeds, cumin, fennel and mint, putting into jars with oil

These were served with cheese

How were grapes eaten?

What were they most cherished for?

Fresh and as raisens

-making wine

How did the Romans drink wine?

How much was a standard bottle of wine?

What was mulsum?

- four parts wine one part honey

-a favourite drink of the Romans

What was a fermentation of water and honey together called?

Other than grapes, what did the Romans use to make wine?

mulberries and dates