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• Senator during years of Domitian
• Lived in an unhappy and unstable time for high officials
- Was born during Nero’s reign – into upper class
-Annals covers death of Augustus – death of Nero
- facts More dependable
- had a tendency to relate or tie all problems back to emperor
-He linked the ways of Domitian to Tiberius
- Would distort the facts or events to make them similar to his set perceptions
- Admired the traditions of Rome and its antique Republic
- did not believe powerful men could stay good |
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- Works are chronological
- More historical writing
-Purpose is the moral education of the reader
-Had an interest in personal character or psychological aspects
- Saw best and worst of early roman empire
- Wrote during Trajan and Hadrian – free speech encouraged
- Was Greek – did not have personal enthusiasm like Tacitus
- Is interested in – drama caused by success or failure
- Relatively fair to his subjects
- His stories vary b/c of limited information, what point he is aiming to make, and personal preference. |
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- A lot less serious then Tacitus
- Vividness – too much details
- His writing dates to the reign of Hadrian
-Examines how the emperor rules: treatment of senate, people, religion, justice
- Also examines sex lives – satisfies the readers curiosity
- Suitonius expects that the reader will have some understanding or idea of the past
- Felt that some insignificant deeds could reveals just as much as large important 1s
Was an imperial secretary
The subjects death was “the moment of truth”
Did not like Caligula and Nero – to greedy and forceful with power
Leaves the conclusions up to us – about emperors character |
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A whole century after Tacitus
gained more personal experience then tacitus
lived close to the imperial court of his day
lacks the imagination to grasp the affairs of the early empire |
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| Tiberrius Gracchus - Tribune |
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Definition
Was for land reforms – redistribution of land (takes back land leased over 500)
Allowed for more soldiers
Moved more Romans into the country side
strengthened their boarders –
Romanization - began
Soldiers needed to pay for their own equipment.
Slave numbers increased
Senate refused to give him money to redistribute land
Was assassinated by a gang – Beginning of violence in politics |
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- Sought to continue his brothers land reforms
- Pushed for the support of the voting man – not senate
- Set up Grain laws – capped the price of grain
– prevented stockpiling. More grain
– senate was concerned about his growing power
- Improved road structures
- Offered land in return for military service
- Provisions on voting officials out of office / ability to hold office again
Proposed to extend roman citizenship – land grants
-Increased popularity with people – and hatred in senate
Supporters are killed –run out and he commits suicide |
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- Began political career in military
-Narrowed the voting bridge – shrank corruption
-Was a man of the people – not a corrupt noble
-Kept being elected due to ongoing wars
-Gave land to soldiers on a massive scale
– had their full -allegiance
-Changes the rules about soldiers
- state will pay for their equipment
- Allowed the poor into the military
-Gains alliance with tribune – very powerful and effective
-Tribune is killed – Marius loses power |
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- Arch rival of Marius
-Also began career in the military
-Marched an army on Rome and drove out his adversaries
-Made dictator – reforms the constitution
-Italians into all tribes
-Restrictions on tribunes: need senatorial authority
-Lex Villia annalis (min. age for office law of 180)
-Increased the Senate: 600
-Censors: not allowed to expel senators and enrolment a
formality
-Special senatorial courts: treason, forgery, bribery,
violence, extortion |
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-Helped Sulla
-First private citizen to receive a triumph
-Ended Sparticus slave uprising
-Elected consul without previously holding any office
-Doubles the size of Roman empire
-Credit crisis in Rome – came from huge pop increase
-Problems with land for Pompey’s troops
-Was in first triumvirate with – Crassus and Caesar
-Caesar crossed the Rubicon to begin conflict with Pompey
-Fled to Egypt and was assassinated |
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Definition
laws passed to establish order in Mediterranean
•Pompey given military resources to eliminate piracy |
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Term
Dignitas -
Gloria -
Nobilitas - |
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Definition
Dignitas - (earned respect)
Gloria - (military success, triumphs)
Nobilitas - (political success in family = service to state) |
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Novus homo – new man
Was always for “the republic”
Was held accountable for executing catiline conspirators without trial
Was run into exile
He returned when Caesar was assassinated
Had huge problems with Mark Antony
Was run into exile again and killed |
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• Was one of the wealthiest men
• Was in the triumvirate with Caesar and Pompey
• Supported Caesar
• Put down the Sparticus uprising |
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Definition
Fought Pompey and crassus after 1st Triumvirate
Crossed the Rubicon – marched army on Rome
Used his military popularity to gain power
Became “King” of Rome - had all the power
Reformed
- Calendar year
- Suppresses collegia
- Courts – 50/50 senators and equestrians
- New building programs
- Fixed land-tax in provinces
- Overseas colonies for veterans – spread of Romanization |
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Was against the murderers of Caesar
Was verbally attacked by Cicero
Senate declared Antony an outlaw and sent the consuls against him.
Octavian with a private army joined the consular forces. Both Consuls were killed in the actions round Mutina, and Antony was defeated and fled.
Antony and Octavian reconciled and along with Lepidus
- second triumvirate
Antony now took the East, Lepidus Africa and Octavian Italy and the West.
Dependent on Cleopatra of Egypt
Lost to Augustus at Actium |
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Revenged the death of Caesar
Octavian with a private army joined the consular forces against Antony
Was sole beneficiary of the siege with Antony
He marched on the senate and demanded the consulship
Antony and Augustus made peace – triumvirate w/ Tepidus
Defeated Antony at Actium
Created the Principate
Was careful not to piss off senate – or appear like he was monarch
Became censor and purged the senate
Was granted imperium, tribunate, and proconsular powers for life
Rome’s first emperor
Augustus promoted family values and traditions.
Laws against adultery were introduced.
Augustus fostered a religious revival
Father of state
He discouraged worship of himself as a god.
Augustus controlled his provinces through legates.
His provinces contained about 75% of the remodelled Roman army.
Reduced legions from 60 - 28 |
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Definition
First person who was given powers from Augustus – 2nd emperor
Reputation is smeared
Did not wage major wars
National savings grew – b/c of increase in taxes
Ruled Rome in isolation – with small council – and Sejanus
Refused the title of Augustus
Tiberius' reign was peaceful - nothing major
Tacitus' portrait of Tiberius is villain - Germanicus hero
Sejanus, at the height of his powers, was arrested / executed.
A blood bath followed of all his associates.
Tacitus – portrayed him as bad b/c of Domitian
Did not handle people delicately
– which was necessary after the skilful reign of Augustus |
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– never emperor
•Sejanus was arrested and executed, along with his followers.
•Was the partner in crime – architect of all evils of Tiberius
•Was killed off by Tiberius |
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Definition
Was though to have a “sickness” – was not right in head
Was consul every year – hogged the position
Would hand out money – depleted treasury in 1 yr
Only emperor for 3 yrs – he got a bad rep
Shared the emperor title with Gemellus when Tiberius died
Caligula was assassinated as the result of a conspiracy involving members by his own bodyguard and the Roman Senate
Tacitus’s annals are lost – only can rely on Suetonius
Sought divine honours for dead sis – going too far
His Principate showed the raw nature of the power in the hands of one man. He pushed autocracy to the limit. There were no checks and no balances and the only way to remove the powers from a Princeps was to kill the Princeps. |
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Definition
Suetonius – was not impressed –talked about all his faults – quirks
Uncle of Caligula – got elected after assassination of Caligula
Administrator and a great builder of public works
Suetonius – was a servant to his freedmen and wives
He was blinded and acted as they said
Punished and rewarded who they said
They acted without his authority – killed ex-consuls
Only did one modest military campaign
Expansion of the empire, including the conquest of Britain
He was seen as vulnerable throughout his rule
Particularly by the nobility.
Was never given respect
Speech impediment - Walked funny
He had torture carried out in front of himself
Also had 30 senators and 200 knights killed
Would kill people and the next day ask for people to fetch them (council)
Was eager to please the public – handed out money to hire fire-fighters
The senators did not like him. He made them accountable and responsible.
Claudius was constantly forced to shore up his position
killed many senators
Always worried about people trying to assassinate him
Killed by poison
Honours were cancelled by Nero but reinstated by Vespasian |
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Definition
A sixteen year old boy, became ruler of the Empire
His assassination extinguished the Julio-Claudian line
He ordered the building of theatres and promoted athletic games
Put on very lavish gladiatorial games
Consul 4 times
Never increased the size of empire
Thought at first that his lust, and greed came from youth – it was his nature
-lots of sex
Was driven from the thrown and committed suicide |
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| Four Emperors and the Flavians |
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Definition
• Galba
• Otho
• Vitellius
• Vespasian |
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Definition
– father was Agrippa
Younger son was Domitian
Created the laws that customized the emperors power
Was deified
Starts project of the colosseum
“You can do anything if its in the interest of the state” – accuse anyone of treason
Reorganized the military – more efficiently run
More ridged lines of promotion and training
His great advantage was that many aristocratic families had died either under Nero or in the long year of civil war.
His relationship with the senate was good, largely because many owed their positions to the new regime |
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| Titus Flavius Vespasianus (Titus: AD 79-81) |
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Definition
•Titus
reigned for just two years.
Titus had been a military commander and was very experienced.
Like his father he was popular and was deified at his death. |
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Definition
Tried to reinstate old views
Boasted about his powers – was called master or god
Rome's foremost micromanagers, especially concerning the economy
Negative traditions
No heir
Persecuted Christians
Writers damned his memory
Father was Vespasian
Juxtaposition w/ Nerva / Trajan
He was less experienced and did not get on as well with the senate –
Domitian had no heir to deify him and the senate voted to damn his memory.
Tacitus linked Domitian to Tiberius
Prosecuted Christians
Developing autocracy
Became Censor of morals and regulator of political offices and the senate for life
He even appointed equestrians to important and formerly senatorial positions.
Council of advisers.
In 88-9 a coup against him failed, and led to a so-called reign of terror against members of the elite.
Was murdered in another coup |
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- Succeeded Domitian – was an older Senator
- Trajan became emperor when he died |
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Was adopted by Nerva just before his death
Trajan, a well known soldier whose family came from Spain
Principate transformed - had become a master
Known later as the Best Princeps
Expanded the empire – Dacian wars
With profits he beautified Rome
expand: highways, forums, basilicas, aqueducts
Like Augustus – disguised his powers
Created judges
Brought in new senators
Worked well with the senate
Held the consulship sparingly
Annexed Mesopotamia
Trajan died on his return to the west.
Trajan was deified and his legacy cemented. |
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Term
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Definition
- At the top - two patricians elected to the office for one year.
•Served as the head of the judiciary and the military, and served as chief priests to the nation.
•Powers of the consuls were severely limited.
•Either consul could veto the other
•Consuls would have to serve on the Senate after their term in office |
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| - consuls with extended terms because of military campaigns. |
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Definition
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Term
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| - the central generals of Rome. one-year appointment –could extend |
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- the task of classifying citizens according to wealth and tax status
•Expeicenced bribery and corruption b/c they set tax rates
•After a while the office was only give to the most virtuous men
Eventually gained ability to dismiss members of the senate |
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| People who pass legislation via the popular assembly without gaining the support of the senate |
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a "good" person - someone who passes legislation by gaining the support of the senate
- upholds the senatorial prestige and traditions |
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