Term
|
Definition
| Trojan who survived the Trojan War and settled in Italy; made peace with the Latins;battled the Retulians and the Etruscans, founded a settlement for the |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mother of Romulus and Remus, daughter of Numitor, the king of Alba Longa; Numitor’s brother Amulius overthrows the king, kills sons, makes Rhea Silvia a Vestal Virgin; she becomes pregnant, claims the father is Mars; Amulius has her imprisoned and orders the death of the twin babies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First King of Rome; one of the twin sons brought up by Faustulus; overthrew Amulius, their great-uncle; disagree on who should lead their settlement, Remus killed; Romulus founds Rome; establishes laws and Senate; Rape of the Sabine Women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Twin brother of Romulus; together they overthrew Amulius, but disagreed on leadership of Rome; Remus killed in the conflict |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Second king of the Romans
Waged no wars, established laws and customs
Created the calendar
Religious rites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Third King of Rome after Numa
Conquered the Albans (Alba Longa), Veii, Fidanae; incorporated Iulii)
Added the Caelian Hill
Killed by lightning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fourth King of Rome
Maternal grandson of Numa
Waged war against the Latins
Added Aventine and Janiculum Hills
Founded Ostia at the mouth of the Tiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fifth King of Rome
Married to Tanaquil, an Etruscan
Augery predicts his kingship
Became Ancus Marcius's right-hand man
Doubled number of senators
Established the circus and the Games
War with the Sabines
Construction of Capitol, Walls, Sewers, Forum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sixth King of Rome, favored by Tarquinius Priscus
Widely thought to be the child of a slave
Tanaquil gives throne to Servius after Tarquinius is killed by the outraged sons of Ancus
Instituted census, reformed military
Added Esquiline, Qurinal, Veminal Hills
Fortified the city |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Seventh and last king of Rome
Son or grandson of Tarquinius Priscus
Married to Tullia, daughter of Servius
Overthrow the king and Tullia kills him with her chariot
Tyrant; rule by terror
Built Temple of Jupiter
Constructed sewers (using plebeian workers)
Toppled by Lucius Iunius Brutus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nephew of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
Fulfilled prophecy of Oracle of Delphi
Overthrew the monarchy after the rape of Lucretia
Established the Republic
Became consul with Collatinus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Wife of Collatinus
Commits suicide after Sextus Tarquin rapes her
Pleads her father's and husband's revenge
Didn't want other women to use her story as an excuse for infidelity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Husband of Lucretia
Helped overthrow the monarchy and establish the Republic
Consul with Iunius Brutus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
King of Clusium
Besieged Rome at the beginning of the Republic to reinstate Tarquinius Superbus
Probably abolished the monarchy, rather than restored it, because Tarquinius Superbus was associated with his enemies, the Latins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A Roman girl given as hostage to Porsenna
Escaped across the Tiber to Rome, but was handed back
Porsenna, admiring her bravery, freed her and the other hostages
Exemplified Roman ideals of courage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A patrician army officer
Early defense of Roman Republic; veteran officer known as Cocles because he lost an eye in battle.
Command of the Pons Sublicus; Fought the Etruscans at the right bank of the Tiber River; destroyed the bridge, but received a crippling wound during the battle
Given high honors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A figure in the story about Lars Porsenna; Stole into Porsenna's camp to assassinate him, but failed to recoginze Porsenna and killed his secretary instead.
Arrested, but showed his indifference to torture by putting his right hand into fire (Scaevola means "left-handed") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rape of the Sabine Women; kidnapped by Romulus and his men, who made them their wives; stepped between the Sabines and Romans in battle |
|
|
Term
| L. Aemilius Paullus (Patrician consul at Cannae |
|
Definition
| Consul in 219 with M. Livius Salinator; they defeated Demetrius of Pharos in the Second Illyrian war; both triumphed, but Livius was convicted of embezzlement. Paullus became consul again in 216, but was killed in the disaster at Cannae; the decision to engage Hannibal in another pitched battle was taken by the senate and fully supported by Paullus; tactical disagreement between Paullus and C. Terentius Varro; Polybius records that the decision to engage at Cannae was made by Varro against the advice of Paullus. |
|
|
Term
| L. Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus (III Macedonian War) |
|
Definition
| two time consul who won the battle of Pydna. His battle proved the superiority of the Roman legion over the Macedonian phalanx. |
|
|
Term
| Andriscus (IV Macedonian), king of Macedonia from 149-148 BC) |
|
Definition
| Requested aid from Demetrius Soter of Syria against the Romans and was turned over to them. He escaped and allied with Carthage. Rome made war on him and won, finally reducing Macedonia to a province. He reinstituted the monarchy and reunited Macedonia; |
|
|
Term
Antiochus III "the Great"
(First Syrian War) |
|
Definition
| Defeated Ptolemy of Egypt; the Island of Rhodes felt threatened, as well as Attalus’ successor, Eumenes who complained to the Romans about Antiochus. Rome was hesitant to get involved, but eventually did. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tried to reinvigorate Seleucid Syria; Rome thwarts his expansion into Ptolemaic Egypt (see the notes on C. Popillius Laenas). He persecuted the Jews probably to show that he was still tough after having been tamed by Laenas. |
|
|
Term
| Attalus III (Pergamum legacy) |
|
Definition
| He left his kingdom to Rome at his death. 133 B.C. The last of the Allalid Kings in Pergamum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Woe to the vanquished"
a Gallic warlord during the Gallic sack of Rome; the quoted line is from Livy, telling of Brennus’s response to Roman complaints that the Gauls used false weights when collecting indemnity from the beaten Romans. |
|
|
Term
| Appius Claudius (first Claudius) |
|
Definition
| He was an appointed decemvir and sympathizer with the plebeians, though himself of patrician blood. He and the other decemvires were haughty and the Senate pointed that out. He served two years instead of the appointed one year term; overthrown when he tries to claim Verginia, a free woman, as a slave, in order to violate her. |
|
|
Term
Appius Claudius Caecus
("Blind" Claudius) |
|
Definition
Built Via Appia, denounced peace with Pyrrhus
He was an appointed decemvir and sympathizer with the plebeians, though himself of patrician blood. He and the other decemvires were haughty and the Senate pointed that out. He served two years instead of the appointed one year term. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Started First Punic War
(264 BC) moves the law and leads the first expedition. Encouraged the Senate to help Mamertines at Messana. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"If they won't eat, let them drink!"
the story of the “sacred chickens” - they would not eat, which was a bad sign for the Romans to go to battle, Claudius flung them into the sea, sailed to battle, and lost against Carthage (in I Punic War) |
|
|
Term
P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus
(The "elder" Africanus) |
|
Definition
| First Imperator; Fought in 1st Iberian War; rescued his father at the beginning of Second Punic War; Defeated Hannibal in the Battle of Zama to end the 2nd Punic War. |
|
|
Term
P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus
(the "younger" Africanus) |
|
Definition
| Third Punic War; engaged in a 3 year siege which ended in the total destruction of Carthage; he asked the Senate what ought be done; Carthage was destroyed; It became a Roman province |
|
|
Term
| Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator |
|
Definition
| After Roman defeat at Trasimene, the Senate appointed Fabius dictator. Fabius favored a slower tact in defeating Hannibal which the Romans did not like, it was not “showy” enough. Known as the "delayer" |
|
|
Term
C. Flaminius
(hothead at Trasimene) |
|
Definition
| Is portrayed by Livy as rash and impulsive. In Livy’s mind by entering office outside of Rome he has destroyed the Pax deorum which is why they lost. Suffered a devastating defeat at Trasimene by Hannibal, killed in action. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mercenaries from Campania; associated with Messina incident |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Guerilla leader of I Punic, father of Hannibal; Started by quelling Mercenary revolt, angry that Carthage had surrendered to Romans - he had not considered himself beaten. Also angry against Rome for their siezure of Corsica/Sardinia. He had a big hand in establishing Carthaginian power in Spain, would become Hannibal’s base of operations; made Hannibal swear to never be a friend to Rome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tactical genius of II Punic War
1st son of Hamilcar, tactical genius, but failed strategy in Italy; Crossed the Alps successfully, defeated the Romans repeatedly, notably at Trasimene and Cannae; unable to maintain a siege, recalled to Carthage when Scipio attacks Africa through Spain; defeated at Zama |
|
|
Term
Hasdrubal
(son-in-law to Hamilcar) |
|
Definition
| Accomplished diplomat in Spain; established city of Cartago Nova (modern Cartagena); credited for Ebro Treaty: set River Ebro as boundary between Roman and Carthaginian Spain |
|
|
Term
Hasdrubal
(brother of Hannibal) |
|
Definition
| tried to bring siege equipment to Hannibal in Italy, but intercepted by Gaius Claudius Nero and beaten and killed at Metaurus; his head is sent to Hannibal's camp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| King of Syracuse was the former employer of some Mamertine mercenaries (from Campania) who had siezed Messena in 288. Heiro attacked them, causing them to seek help, first from Carthage, then from Rome. Hiero is beaten by Romans and forced to support them against Carthage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| He was an instrumental aid to Scipio in the Battle at Zama. (stunted; add more info) |
|
|
Term
Philip V of Macedon
(This is not Alexander's father) |
|
Definition
| Allied with Carthage in II Punic War, opening a second front for Rome in 214; pusuaded by Demetrius (loser of Illyrian War at hand of Rome) to go to war with Rome after Cannae (I Macedonian War); attacks Rome’s Greek socii on Illyrian coast, but never invades Italy proper; most of fighting done not by Rome, but by her new ally: the Aetolian League in Greece, with support from Attalus I of Pergamum; war ends in 206 with Peace of Phoenice. Leader in the first 2 Macedonian Wars. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Circle in the sand"
he forced Antiochus IV to break off siege of Alexandria with the “circle of sand” (Polyb. 39.27 = LR no. 75; Liv. 45.12); after making Antiochus read the command of the Senate, he draws a circle around him and commands him to answer without consulting his aids before leaving the circle. Antiochus accepts Rome’s command. |
|
|
Term
M. Porcius Cato
(Cato the Censor) |
|
Definition
| Tried to keep law restricting women’s spending but was overruled, was known for being very strict, but fair |
|
|
Term
T. Quinctius Flaminius
(II Macedonian War) |
|
Definition
| General of the II MW, made the Declaration of Greek Freedom during the Isthmian games, recorded by Livy. This shows the intent of the Roman Empire in entering war. Liked the Greeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Commander at the battle of Cannae in the second punic war in 216. He was a consul. He was a plebeian and Livy described him as rash, the Romans were defeated in the battle of Cannae. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Destroyer of Corinth
In 146 BC he took command of Roman forces during the Achean war and obtained an easy victory over Diaeus and then marched into Corinth and destroyed the city, having all of the men killed and selling the women and children into slavery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The First confrontation in the I Punic War, which resulted in a Roman victory. It began with a siege by the Carthaginians and ended with Rome controlling most of Sicily. Hannibal escapes unharmed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first full-scale naval battle between the two states. The Romans built, very quickly, a fleet based upon a Carthaginian ship found in Messina. To the prototype, they added the corvus. The Romans now control Sicily and Hannibal (not the tactical genius) is executed by his own men for incompetence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Sacred Chickens"
Pulcher leads a surprise attack on Drepana, despite the bad omens, saying “Let them drink, since they do not wish to eat!” He loses almost his entire fleet, calling into question Roman naval powers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The final battle of the First Punic War, ending in decisive Roman victory. Destitute, Carthage signs harsh Roman peace treaty. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hannibal breaks the Carthaginians treaty and sieges Saguntum in Spain. This is one of the triggers of the 2nd Punic War. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cavalry battle between Hannibal and P. Cornelius Scipio. The Gauls join the Carthaginian forces and Hannibal demands a great deal of their resources. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gaius Flammius enters office outside of Rome (illegal) and fails to perform the necessary rituals. The Senate calls him back but he feels that this is a waste of time so continues. He loses the battle, which Livy attributes to his rashness and disturbance of the pax deorum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hannibal and Celtic/Iberian allies crush Roman army in Italy, causing most of southern Italy to secede from alliance with Rome. Afterwards, Hannibal roams Italy, but is not able to take Rome itself. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defeat of Hasdrubal. Claudius Nero joins Marcus Livius by a night march. Hasdrubal awakens and notices a significantly larger army than the previous day. Nero defeats Hansdrubal and throws his decapitated head into Hannibal’s camp. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal in Africa. This is the final and decisive victory of the Second Punic War. The terms agreed upon absolutely crushed the Carthaginians. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Philip V of Macedonia allies with Carthage, and attacks Roman allies on the Illyrian coast in order to draw out Roman troops. There is no decisive victor, and most of the fighting is accomplished by Roman socii. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is the peace treaty struck at the end of the I Macedonian War wherein Philip V repudiates alliances with Hannibal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Begun in response to a non-aggression pact signed between Philip V and Antiochus III of the Seleucid Empire. The war is indecisive until the Battle at Cyoscephalae. The terms struck show that Rome was not concerned with aggressive imperialism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decisive battle in the II MW. Macedon sues for Peace treaty on Roman terms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Seleucid Empire (centered in Syria) was the largest of the Hellenistic Kingdoms. In its own expansion, it came into contact with Pergamum and Rhodes, Roman allies. Rome was very hesitant to involve itself. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Roman victory in I Syrian War |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antichus III is forced to agree to peace terms. Rome, again, seems not to be aggressively imperialistic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rome forces Antiochus out of Europe and Western Asia, but takes none for itself. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spain had been the money-maker for Carthage, therefore Rome invades to weaken their state. The consuls, Publius and Gnaeus, die and P. Conelius Scipio volunteers to take control of the troops there. He captures Carthago Nova and now has access to materials in that area and in the harbor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The 4 “republics” were established as a result of this war; each was a dependant Roman ally. Also, all roman….taxes…? Macedonia as champion of oppressed in Greece... Philip V's later reforms continued by Perseus... After Spanish Wars died down, Macedonia presented new opportunities for would be Roman generals Rome intervenes only after appeal by allies and the threat of invasion of Italy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| L. Aemilius Paullus; Legion permanently bested phalanx. Ends the war. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 7000 Romans had been killed; the generals in the field were in a bad position in the field and were trying to make some type of treaty, but the Senate wouldn’t have it (LR no. 79); Gracchus' peace held from 179-154 BC … Lusitanians invaded southern Spain in 154 BC .. Celtiberians rose in 153BC, threatened east coast of Spain... Conciliatory policies of generals in the field (over opposition of the Senate) brought peace. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Pretender Andriscus, re-instituted monarchy, reunited Macedonia, initial success followed by total defeat, Macedonia a Roman province... Greece purged of Macedonian sympathizers, Democracies suppressed, 1000 Achaeans (including Polybius) deported... 146 BC Mummius destroys Corinth, Puppet governments in Greek states, technically independent and allied with Rome, but under supervision of governor of Macedonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes: Carthaginian revival and prosperity, Rome’s impossible demands (give up the sea, pay us money, move your homes 10 miles…), Cato the elder: Carthago delenda est! (Carthage must be destroyed)...P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus (Africanus the Younger), 3 year siege, total destruction of Carthage, Roman province in Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scipio Aemilianus reinforced siege, forced surrender after 4 years;... Numantine War, siege of Celtiberian fortress, Younger Gracchus negotiates peace, but Senate rejected proposed treaty, Scipio Aemilianus reinforced siege, forced surrender after 4 years... Numidian chieften, Jugurtha, worked closely with Rome... Iberian Wars were expensive and men and materials, didn't gain much |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anything the people order or establish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| established by the Decemvirs - written law |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this law marked the end of the Decemvirate; the Tribunes are given certain abilities (Sancrasanctitas, provocatio and intercessio); (given ability to pass legislation on Plebeians only, also the body of the tribune is sacrosanct and thus protected him, and therefore he could protect plebeians, could intervene on behalf of plebs, veto actions of lower courts, eventually larger actions.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this law permitted intermarriage between the Patricians and the Plebeians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| says a plebeian can be a consul; it also broke up some of the larger farms into smaller ones so that they could be used by more people one acre limit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this law stated that of the two consuls, one of them had to be Plebeian; it also reduced something about the amounts on debts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this law abolished debt bondage for Roman citizens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is the law that says there needs to be at least one plebeian censor every five years; it made Plebiscites kind of binding on Patricians as well as Plebeians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this law opened up the priestly colleges to the Plebeians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this law says that Plebiscites become binding with Senate approval; Patricians could no longer veto plebiscites. |
|
|
