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| As a praetorian prefect, he was instrumental, with Agrippina, in the accession of Nero after the death of Claudius |
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| First emperor of the Roman state, he was adopted by Julius Caesar in his will. He accumulated all constitutional powers, but in a way that avoided the charge of having kingly status (he accumulated existing titles). A part of the second triumvirate with Antony and Lepidus, though he later finds himself in conflict with Antony and defeated him at Actium in 30 BC. He killed Caesar's son by Cleopatra and declared himself "princeps." |
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Tutor of Nero, later to become an advisor of his; Senecaa was an author in the "Silver Age" of Roman literature.
He wrote tragedies and stoic philosophy
As part of the decline in Nero's rule his two main advisors left; Burrus died and Seneca retired. He is forced to commit suicide because he is ostensibly a part of the Pisonian Conspiracy |
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| At Augustus' death, he already possessed all the powers of the Emperor; He was a great administrator, maintaining the majority of Augustan policy. He made suffect governors more regular in order to better control a bigger rule and he left governors in place for longer periods of time. He also made the Senate a judicial body; Held the tribunica potestas twice before becoming emperor |
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| Became of importance at the death of Burrus and retirement of Seneca; he became Burrus' successor as Praetorian prefect, with the help of Agrippina the Younger. His execution was ordered by Otho, but before his execution he committed suicide. |
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| After the death of Caligula, the praetorian guard named Claudius the emperor. It was under Claudius that the Empire began its conquest of Britain. He greatly expanded the bounds of the empire and legitimized himself by emphasizing his Julio-Claudian heritage |
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| Nero sent him to the west and he invaded Armenia and replaced Tirdates as the Armenian king with Tigranes. Negotiated peace with the Parthian empire |
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Put into power by Burrus and Agrippina; Much of the administration at the beginning of his reign was influenced by Burrus and Seneca. Nero killed Britannicus, the son of Claudius, Agrippina when she obstacled his marriage to Poppaea, and Octavia.
Rumor of Nero fiddling while Rome burned
Blamed the Christians for the fire of Rome |
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| Led an uprising in Britain that almost convinced Nero to abandon the island |
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| Led a revolt against Nero's tax policy, and ultimately was responsible for Galba's position as emperor, as he supported his as a governor of Gaul |
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| First emperor in the year of the four Emperors; was beloved by the Senate and owed his career to Vindex; He was killed on his march against those who had named Otho his successor instead of his chosen Piso |
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| Galba wasn't very popular with the common people, and as Otho honored Nero (who was), he gained their support. Invaded N. Italy, lost at the Battle of Cremona, and committed suicide. His reign lasted three months |
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| Received his position as emperor by the frontier legions rather than was, as was common, by the Praetorian guard; Vespasian posed a threat, and Vitellius resigned |
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| He had been formerly put in charge of the Jewish revolt, but when he was made Emperor he left the conflict in the hands of his son Titus; Enjoyed a joint triumph at the end of the Jewish war with Titus; built the Temple of Peace which highlighted the virtues of peace. |
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Son of Octavia (Octavian's sister), who married Julia, Augustus' daughter. He was Augustus' first expected heir, but died suddenly shortly after the marriage
Had an accelerated military career and served early as an aedile before he died. |
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| Sons of Agrippa and Julia, who were later adopted by Augustus. After Agrippa died, Tiberius went to Rhodes, and Augustus began preparing them for political life; the become consuls and then both die suddenly. |
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| Julia (daughter of Augustus) |
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| Augustus had her marry several men in order to establish peaceful relations between himself and the groom. These men included: Marcellus, Agrippa, and Tiberius. These marriages were also used to ensure that the eventual heir to the empire would be of Augustan blood. |
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| Matriarchal ancestor of many future Roman emperors. She first married Ti. Claudius Nero with whom she had two sons: Tiberius and Nero Claudius Drusus (the Elder), the father of Claudius and Germanicus; Augustus' primary advisor |
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Friend, son-in-law, and military general for Augustus; he won the Battle of Actium against Mark Antony and CLeopatra with Augustus.
After Julia's husband Marcellus died, she married Agrippa, and they had two sons, Gaius and Luius Caesar. He was about to become Augustus' successor and too died unexpectedly in 12 BC |
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| Son of Ti. Claudius Nero and Livia, but later adopted by Augustus. He was the brother of Tiberius, father to Claudius, grandfather to Caligula, and ancestor of Nero. |
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| Heir to Tiberius and consul, son of Drusus the Elder; He dealt with the mutinies in Germany and Pannonia, and was very popular. Poisoned by Piso and his wife. |
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| The only son of Tiberius, and married to Livilla, Germanicus' sister. Drusus and Sejanus were rivals, and Sejanus seduced Livilla, then poisoned Drusus |
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| Daughter of Marcus Agrippa and mother to Drusus the Younger; she was betrothed by her father and Augustus to Tiberius. |
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| Praetorian prefect under Nero, and then led them in an abandonment of Nero and joined with Galba; this was followed by Nero's suicide |
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| Sister of Germanicus and Claudius; married Drusus, Tiberius' son, but got into an affair with Sejanus, who poisoned Drusus. According to Cassius Dio, when Sejanus was overthrown, Livilla's mother Antonia locked her in her room, whereshe starved to death |
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| Two generals who supported Vitellius' claim to the throne. Won the Battle of Beddriacum for Vitellius who was then able to enter Rome unhindered |
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| Named as joint heir to Tiberius with Caligula; Caligula later had him killed |
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| Wife of Claudius; infamous for promiscuity; she got into an affair with Silius and while Claudius was at Ostia, Messalina and Silius married and plotted to take over; Claudius and his advisors put an end to it, and Messalina was killed |
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| Vespasian, Titus, Domitian |
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| Nero's mother, daughter of Germanicus; Agrippina was accused of poisoning Claudius, her husband. Interfering and domineering in Nero's administration, and favored Britannicus over him; Nero had her killed after she obstacled his marriage with Poppaia |
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Son of Vespasian and younger brother to Titus; Emperor from 81-96
Known for his competant administration and smaller government (Kleinreich); modified Augustan frontiered policies
Perfected the system of "limes"
Mistreated the Senate by restricting expansion and increasing autocracy; became censor perpetuus in 85.
Senators, military leaders, and even family members were in danger of purges
Eventually murdered |
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| Son of Claudius; Agrippina favored Britannicus instead of Nero, and Nero had him killed. |
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| Nero's wife, Claudius' daughter. Became an obstacle in his wish to marry Poppaea, because Agrippina wouldn't let him divorce Octavia; he had Octavia killed |
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| Governor of Syria and ally of Ti. Iulius Alexander and Vespasian; marched toward Italy |
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| Accused of poisoning Germanicus while he was in the East. Agrippina the Elder wouldn't rest until they were brought to justice. |
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| Led legions for Vespasian and invaded Italy, winning a crushing victory over Vitellius' army; Vitellius resigned. |
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| Tiberius called Sejanus the "partner of my labors." He was Tiberius' Praetorian prefect, kept the guard in the borders of Rome nad became the guards' sole ruler. He attempts to marry Livilla, eventually receives the tribunicia potestas and serves consulship with Tiberius. When he became a threat to Tiberius, the emperor had him overthrown. |
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| Jewish queen who had an affair with Titus; he had to send her away after he became emperor as part of ruling Rome. |
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Macro
Naevius Sutorius Macro |
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| PRaetorian prefect under Tiberius after Sejanus was overthrown. Held great influence and played an active role in Caligula's rise to power. Later Caligula removed him from office as a potential threat, and he committed suicide. |
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| Wife of Domitian; was briefly divorced and exiled, ostensibly because she had an affair with an actor in Paris; Domitian then recalled her back to Rome. |
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| Roman general involved in plot against the emperor Caligula, and then executed |
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| A prefect of the Praetorian Guard under Domitian, and was involved in his assassination; was later murdered for doing so. |
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| Daughter of Mark Antony; Wife of Drusus and mother of Germanicus and Claudius. Exposed her daughter Livilla and Sejanus to Tiberius; committed suicide during Caligula's reign. |
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| A freedman servant of Caligula who advised him and was a part of his assasination. |
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| The High Empire ("Antonines") |
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| The 18th century historian Edward Gibbon said that it was the happiest and most prosperous time of mankind, from the death of Domitian to the death of Marcus Aurelius; the five "good" emperors |
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| Supposedly the "first emperor freely chosen by the senate," but possibly Petronius Secunda and Domitia Longina already made arrangements for this. Old senatorial family baground and had three consulships under Nero, but did not rule for very long. Adopted Trajan to succeed him. |
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Nerva's adopted son and successor; the beginning of the reign of "adopted emperors" who proved competent and successful. Trajan was commander fo Rhine legions, a good military leader
First emperor from outside of Italy (he was from Spain); had a reputation for justice and good government
Formalized the imperial council, Imperium Principis, which had been under Augustus
Conquering Emperor; Dacian wars brought in much gold, took Armenia and Mesopotamia. |
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Trajan's adopted son
Some say he returned to kleinreich
He kept Dacia, but negotiated to give back Armenia and Mesopotamia; Loved Hellenistic culture
Parapatetic emperor, spent almost his entire reign outside of Rome, which made him less popular with the Senate
Hadrian's wall
Visited all provinces and legions
Rebuilt Pantheon |
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Adopted son of Hadrian; pushed for the deification of Hadrian, and was given the bad cognomen Pius
Unlike Hadrian, he never left Rome once he became emperor
Reign portrayed as peaceful, prosperous, diligent, and attentive
Revolts and problems in northern boundries were brewing.
Married to Faustina the Elder
Hadrian had arranged succession for two generations: himself and his forcibly adopted son Marcus Aurelius |
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Last of the "good emperors"
Co-emperor with Verus for a while, until the latter died
Stoic emperor
Wrote "Meditations" while campaigning in German wars
Gave empire to his son, breaking off the trend of adoption |
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Son of Marcus Aurelius; portrayed as a playboy, and named himself Hercules Romanus
Portrayed as insane and paranoid (after his sister conspired with a group of senators against him);
Perennis helped him with his unruly reign
Betrayed by his mistress Marcia, his praetorian prefect Aemilius Laetus, and his chamberlain Elechtus
They strangled him in a bath |
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AD 132-136
AKA Third Jewish revolt against Roman power; led by Simon bar Kokhba, who proclaimed to be a Messiah figure which would lead the Jews out of Roman rule; eventually crushed by six Roman legions
The Romans consequentially barred Jews and Christian Jews from entering Jerusalem; this caused a widely-known distinction between Jews and Christians. |
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Governor of Syria during the co-reign of Marcus Aurelius and Verus; When Aurelius stayed in the west to fight the Germans, and Verus went tot he East, he utilized Cassius to fight the Parthians.
Verus died, and Cassius heard falsely that Aurelius was dead. Tried to take over the empire, and refused to back down even after he learned that Aurelius was alive. Declared a public enemy and killed by his own soldiers. |
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A favorite of the emperor Commodus. He was his chamberlain and became praetorian prefect.
He was known for his financial corruption and was later sacrificed to the plebs during a food shortage. |
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| Wife of Antonius Pius and mother of "Faustina the younger" |
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Daughte of Antoninus Pius and Faustina the Elder; married Marcus Aurelius
Received title of Augusta, but she died shortly before Verus died. |
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| Praetorian prefect who conspired with Commodus' mistress Marcia and his chamberlain Electus to have the emperor strangled. Senate then chose Pertinax as ruler and Laetus led praetorians against Pertinax. |
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| Co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius, the junior emperor because Marcus was Pontifex maximus. Aurelius stayed in west to face German threat, Verus went to fight the Parthians. Delegated fighting to more experienced generals, but then was suddenly killed. |
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| During Commodus' ruthless reign, his sister (Commodus's sister) plotted to kill him. Commodus went insane and Perennis was the Praetorian prefect who initiated and enacted Commodus' reign of terror. He appointed equestrians over legions, and was eventually executed himself for conspiracy. |
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| Second cousin and wife of Hadrian; She bore him no children, so Hadrian had to concoct a succession plan. |
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