Plato's dialogue he argued that since philosophers were in the best position to understand ultimate reality they would also be the best rulers. This led to intellectual  aristocracy that the philosophical  elite would rule.

The Romans did not want a king or queen so Rome became a republic

people vote for their leaders

the republic is run by senators

Roman common people

poorer

poorer people criminals

wealthy families had many of them

farmers used slaves

they were in gladiator fights

Romans divided army into Legions

6000 soldier in each legion group

Each legion was split again into smaller units of 60-120 soldiers

This gave them advantage when fighting because they were smaller groups and could move faster

Romans primary language

still exists today mostly in religion, science and law

The latins were farmers and herders from central europe.  They settled beside the Tiber river

Their land became now as Latium

By about 750 BC that settlement became known as a village called Rome

founded liberal policies to help poor

spent lots of money on gladiator fights with wild animals

He named himself dictator of Rome for life (instead of a typical 6 month term)

He launched building projects to hire the poor

was stabbed to death by members of the Roman elite

The nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar

Took over power of Rome after civil unrest

Defeated mark anthony and Cleopatria rulers of Eygpt

Was given title of Augustus meaning semi divine nature

ruled for 45 years imperial government

The romans built a network of transportation and communication.

Roads linked all of the Roman empire

The roads permitted urgent travel and messages to proceed with remarkable speed

Due to good roads and pax romana encouraged trade between regions.

The agriculture production grew commercialized as well as specialized.

Greece traded olives and vines

Italy traded pottery, glassware, and bronze goods

Romans kept the pirates away so the huge cargo ships could move safely over long distances

Much of the profit from mediterranean trade flowed to rome.

High taxes hurt the roman empire

The taxes were needed to pay the large Roman army

Tax money was needed to buy food for the poor and to pay for public events

Heavy taxes from the government turned the people against Rome

means Roman peace

Within the boundaries of the Roman empire a long era of peace known as the Pax Romana facilitated economic and political integration from the first to the middle of the third century.

Led by an emperor

no voting for the leader

A roman marble stadium and sports arena opened in 80 CE provided seating for 50,000 spectators.

It had battles to death between gladiators and wild animals where people flocked to watch such horrible entertainment

Father of the Family

Roman law vested immense authority in male heads of families know as paterfamilies.

They could arrange marriages for his children

Determine their work and duties

He could even sell them into slavery

Rome provided it citizens with food and entertainment

There is only two things that concern the elected generals and heads of state "bread and circus"

like Chariot races, gladiators

Aa source of entertainment

Gladiators were usually slaves, criminals or prisoners of war

They would fight off wild animals or other gladiators till death

An empire can extend itself beyond its ability to maintain its military and economic commitments

The whole collection of gods the romans believed in were called the Pantheon

like apollo, venus, diana, jupitor etc...

The pantheon building was dedicated to this group of gods

The jewish maintained their faith and their communities under various imperial regimes

Jewish communities clashed with imperial overloads

They refused to think of emperors as Gods

The Jewish people were defeated in the Jewish war

A jewish teacher was recognized as a savior

He was executed by the Romans

Crucifixion did not put an end to his movement

Followers believed he arose from the grave

New testament was formed and along with the old testament became the holy book of Christianity

A term used in religion to mean redeemer (save others from sin) figure

Jesus was the Messiah of christianity

These are followers or students

Jesus had disciples 12 of them

He would talk things over with them and depend on them

Some of Jesus disciples were Simon, Andrew, James, john etc

a religion

Early christians refused to honor Roman state cults or call the emperor God.

Roman emperors tried to eliminate Christianity

Christianity was liked by the lower classes urban areas and women.

In 3rd Century became most influential religion in Mediterranian Basin

Chrisitianity survived in the Western roman empire and later became the official religion during Theodosius  rule

Paul

(of Tarus)

He was the main person in the expansion of chhrisitianity beyond Judiasm.

His doctrine called for people to observe high moral standards and to place their faith ahead of personal and family interests

They were a military threat to the Roman empire

Their invasions brought an end to the roman authorityin the western half oof the empire

they lived on the eastern and northern borders of the roman empire

Romans tried to discourage their settlement on the edges of the Roman empire

Roman culture and society were heavily influenced by the Greeks

The family was an important value in Roman times

At the heart of the Roman social structure stood the family

Unlike the greeks the children were raised at home

In upper class they were educated

16 year old boys were taught about the military and girls were married off

2nd century women rights took off upper class women enjoyed considerable freedom and independence

Families of wealthy had many slavves

Entertainment in the city was provided on a grand scale there as chariot races, gladiatorial shows, dramatic performances

Society divided by money

Wealthy patrician and then the Poor plebeians

the rich had villas and the poor were slaves or lived in apartment blocks called insulae

There was tension between the classes

Plebians said they would break away from the roman empire so to maintain integrity the Roman state granted the plebieians the right to vote.

Rome was very small

Then with the growth of the military and Octavian ruling the roman empire became very large

It went from a republic to an empire

The poor were helped more and got more rights

vast trading routes via roads and ships

Food and entertainment became  important

The rich lived lavishly morals questionable

Christianity became an important religion

It became way too huge and posed many challenges

They split empire into two administrator districts east and west

A republic is not run by Kings

The leaders are elected by the voters

The leaders run the government for the people

It is more democratic like

There is no abuse of power

At this time the Rome republic was quite small

An empire is run by a emperor

He has total and absolute control

lot of military built up

Rome Empire was extremely large

The empire was brought about by Caesar

the empire was brought about because the poorest citizens  were becoming vitims