Term
| Know what the Linnaean Hierarchy is. What are the levels of a classification? |
|
Definition
organisms are placed in these groups based on evolutionary relationships
domain
kingdom
phylum (plural = phyla)
class
order
family
genus (plural = genera)
species |
|
|
Term
| Know what levels of the hierarchy provide the scientific name of an organism. |
|
Definition
| scientific, or Latin, name refers to the genus and species. |
|
|
Term
| Understand the purpose or importance of classifications. |
|
Definition
1. organize diversity of life into a useful framework.
2. show evolutionary relationships among organisms
3. show how closely related any 2 or more organisms are 4. provide a unique name for every species |
|
|
Term
| Understand that as organisms evolve they become MORE or LESS complex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Know the defining characteristics of each domain. |
|
Definition
Archaea = ancient bacteria
first life forms
Eubacteria (Bacteria) = modern bacteria
Eukarya = eukaryotic organisms |
|
|
Term
| Know what protists are and what is evolutionarily significant about them. |
|
Definition
significant because they are the first eukaryotes
includes
Protozoans
believed to be ancestors to first animals and fungi
Algae
unicellular
multicellular (believed to be ancestors to first true plants) |
|
|
Term
| Know the theory for how the first eukaryotes evolved from bacteria. |
|
Definition
protists (the first eukaryotes) arose via endosymbiosis
(a large host cell ingested mitochondria and chloroplasts were once primitive bacteria cells) |
|
|
Term
| Know the defining characteristics of the kingdom Fungi. |
|
Definition
heterotrophs
external digestion
cell walls |
|
|
Term
| Be able to describe basic fungus structures. |
|
Definition
mushrooms = above ground reproductive structure
made up of
hyphae = long filaments
mycelium = network of hyphae |
|
|
Term
| Know the defining characteristics of the kingdom Plantae. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Understand the general structure/anatomy of a plant. |
|
Definition
Roots
Shoots (1. leaves 2. stems 3. Reproductive structures)
Buds (= undeveloped shoots)
1. apical = primary growth (produce auxins → apical
dominance)
2. axillary = secondary growth
Vascular system (xylem up, phloem down)
1. xylem = dead cells
2. phloem = living tissue |
|
|
Term
| Know the characteristics of the bryophytes and what is evolutionarily significant about this group. |
|
Definition
I) Non-vascular = Bryophytes
no vascular system
produce free-swimming sperm |
|
|
Term
| Know the features of the seedless, vascular plants (= ferns). |
|
Definition
Seedless vascular plants
sporangia = reproductive structures
free-swimming sperm |
|
|
Term
| Understand the evolutionary importance of the seed. |
|
Definition
1. Site of fertilization & early embryonic development
2. Highly protective of the developing embryo
3. No longer tied to watery environments for reproduction |
|
|
Term
| Know the features of gymnosperms and angiosperms and what is evolutionarily significant about each. |
|
Definition
A) Gymnosperms
Reproductive structure = cone
male cone → produces pollen grains which house the sperm
female cone → produces ovules which house the eggs ( after fertilization → ovule = seed)
B) Angiosperms
Reproductive structures
flower
fruit = mature, ripened ovary with seed inside |
|
|
Term
| Know the basic anatomy of a flower. |
|
Definition
sepals = protect the flower bud
petals = attract pollinators
stamen = male parts
anther = makes pollen grains
pollen grains = houses sperm
filament = supports anther
carpel/pistil = female parts
stigma = receives pollen grains
style = supports stigma, passageway through which
the pollen tube grows
ovary = base of carpel, houses the ovule(s)
ovule = houses the egg, will become the seed |
|
|
Term
| Understand the evolutionary importance of the flower and the fruit. |
|
Definition
1. flowers
increased success at pollination & fertilization
pollinator = an animal that carries pollen from one plant to another
2. fruit
increased success at seed dispersal |
|
|
Term
| Know the defining characteristics of the kingdom Animalia. |
|
Definition
Kingdom Animalia
Heterotrophs
Internal digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sponges
First true animals
Cell aggregates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Corals, anemones, jellyfish
True tissues via gastrulation
Radial symmetry
Nematocysts = stinging cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tapeworms, flukes
Bilateral symmetry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Snails, slugs, clams, oysters, octopus, squid
Shell
Muscular foot
Radula = tongue-like feeding structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Earthworms, leeches
Segmented bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Spiders, ticks, shrimp, lobsters, crabs, insects
Exoskeleton
Wings & flight (insects only) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers
Water vascular system |
|
|
Term
| Know what vertebrates are and their evolutionarily advancements. |
|
Definition
Endoskeleton with vertebrae
Cranium with brain
Paired limbs |
|
|
Term
| Understand the evolutionary significance of the appearance of jaws. |
|
Definition
1. Greater dietary options
2. Defense
3. Manipulate objects |
|
|
Term
| Know what is evolutionary significant about lobe-finned fish. |
|
Definition
| Ancestors to terrestrial vertebrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Jawless forms
Lamprey, hagfish
First vertebrates
Jawed forms
Cartiliaginous fish
( Sharks, rays Skeleton made of cartilage)
Bony fish
( Skeleton made of bone)
Ray-finned fish ( Most common fish)
Lobe-finned fish ( Ancestors to terrestrial vertebrates) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First terrestrial vertebrates
Rudimentary lungs, semi-permeable skin --> O2 from air
Limbs for moving on land
Ectothermic
Caecilians, Salamanders, Frogs, and toads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amniotic egg
Impermeable skin
Ectothermic
Turtles, Lizards & Snakes, Crocodilians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
feathers
flight
endothermic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
endothermic
hair or fur
mammary glands
heterodonty
includes monotremes, marsupials, and placentals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
platypus, Echidna
oviparous = lay eggs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opposums, kangaroos, koalas
limited placenta
complete development in pouch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all other mammals
95% of all species
develop extensive placenta = organ that nourishes developing young |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unit of cells that perform a specific function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developmental process during which the blastula folds in and forms an embryo with multiple layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tongue like feeding structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another word for the segment of a segmented worm |
|
|
Term
| benefits of an exoskeleton |
|
Definition
Benefits:
1. protective
2. Waterproof – allowed movement on to land
3. Highly modifiable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Easier dispersal
2. Better escape from predators
3. Access to wider range of food |
|
|
Term
| definition of ectothermic |
|
Definition
| must use external, environmental sources to regulate body temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allowed eggs to be self-contained systems = no longer reliant on watery environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| definition of endothermic; pros and cons |
|
Definition
can maintain internal body temperature using metabolism
Benefits:
• quicker, more efficient reactions
• inhabit wider range of environments
Disadvantage:
• energetically costly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
different types of teeth in one individual
Incisors = biting, snipping
Canines = piercing, stabbing
Premolars = cutting, shearing
Molars = grinding, mashing |
|
|
