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| President elected in 1920 |
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"Return to Normalcy" policy stated: |
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Harding meant taking back Wilson's internationalism, and trying to avoid foreign entanglement and he didn't want to form alliances with anyone else. he limited his military, and he even made a speech at
the tomb of the Unknown Soldier where he said that the US would never enter another conflict again |
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| 1st Washington Conference |
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| summoned by Harding to try to make peace with the world. It was in America, which signaled that we were finally a world power after the war and that we supported peace. The washington conference successfully reduced the naval strength among the major world powers. |
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| US representative at the 1st Washington Conference, he was the secretary of state at the time |
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| treaty of the 1st washington conference with FRANCE, BRITAIN, ITALY, US, and JAPAN that called for a ten year suspension of construction of new ships. It also called for a reduction in naval strength by destroying some navy ships |
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| treaty of the 1st Washington Conference saying "respect each others rights i nteh Pacific and refer any disputes to joint conference." Italy wasn't in this because they didnt have any property in the Pacific |
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| treaty of 1st washington Conference that said to respect the territorial and administrative integrity of China, similar to Open Door Policy. |
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| Problems with the 4,5,9 Power Treaties |
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- the treaties didn't serve a large purpose because they weren't largely enforced. -in 1931, Japan being violating the treaties. - by 1938, all nations were violating the treaties and the US congress had already put 1 billion dollars into shipping |
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| made up by women, clergy, and college students who were trying to enforce peace amongst the leading nations of the world |
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| Kellogg Brian Treaty AKA Pact of Paris 1928 |
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| This treaty outlawed war as an instrument of national policy and only allowed war in the form of defensive war. 62 nations signed this treaty and the creator of it, Frank Kellogg won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1928 |
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| peace treaty with Latin America and the US created by Hoovera and Roosevelt (his successor) extended the treaty. in 1933, all American troops were withdrawn from Latin America |
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| Reasons why America became an isolationist country in the 1930s |
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- they were upset about WWI - Anti war groups and peace groups told everyone our involvement in WWI was a mistake -people believed the US was always an isolationist country but WWI was the only exception -Nye Committee Hearings |
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| Gerald Nye, the senator of North Dakota, held investigations in 1934-37 trying to prove that the US was forced into WWI by American Arms Manufacturers and bankers who wanted to make a bigger profit. Nye didnt win the case, but it freaked out the people |
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-refusal to join League of Nations, refusal to sign Treaty of Versailles, and refusal to join the World Court - immigration restrictions High Tariff Policy -we didn't want other people's goods from other countries so we put a huge tax on them -Public opinion poll that stated 60% of Americans thought our involvement with WWI was a mistake - continuous insistence of paying back WWI debts |
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| Isolation to intervention |
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| Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1936 and 1937 |
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| arms embargo for all countries at war. The US will not sell arms to any nation at war |
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| US wont sell arms to any country at war and US will not give loans to anyone at war |
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| applied Loans and Arms embargo directly to the Spanish Civil War |
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| final switch from isolation to intervention. FDR made a speech saying that in order for things to improve, the US might have to take action. US citizens didn't know how to feel about this speech |
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| Neutrality Act of 1939 AKA Cash and Carry |
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| a huge transition in american policy. The US could now sell war materials to countries at war if they paid cash and carried the goods on their own vessels. the main purpose of this act was to allow trade with BRITAIN |
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| FDR state of the Union Address |
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there are 4 freedoms freedom from fear freedom from want freedom from speech and expression and freedom of religion |
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| FDR's LAND LEASE ACT 1941 |
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| it allowed the US to provide Britain with anything they needed in a war by lending and leasing them their supplies. We leased guns, tanks, ammunition... etc. Some Americans were against this policy |
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| Isolationist group led by Charles Lindberg, who was against the Lend Lease Act. These Americans wanted to put america first |
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| BEGINNING of WORLD WAR TWO in Asia. The Japanese blew up a Japanese railroad in Manchuria and blamed it on China, and they used this as a reason to invade / occupy Manchuria. This was a violation of the 9 power treaty |
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| break out of full scale war against China and Japan with the Japanese invasion of China Proper |
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Hitler came to power Germany began violating the Treaty of Versailles Hitler rebuilt the German Army and relocated it to Rhineland |
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| alliance of Mussolini (Italy), Hitler (Germany), and Japan. the three nations were supposed to be uniting against communism, but it was actually an agreement between the three leaders saying they would not interfere with each other's expansion ideas. |
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| Fullscale war broke out in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland, and the following year, Hitler took over Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands and France, which left Great Britain Fighting against Germany on it's own |
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| meeting of FDR and Winston Churchill (prime minister of Britain at the time) in order to create a strategy for the US to help Great Britain in the war yet remain neutral |
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This was a surprise attack but the US knew the Japanese were going to do it at some point. We knew this because of the Open Door Policy in 1898, and the several instances when the US stood in the way of Japan's objectives. -DECEMBER 7 1941, Japan sunk 19 American ships and 2,400 people died and 150 planes at Hickham Field crashed - This attack didn't affect us in the war at all, it just made the citizens of the US REALLLY MAD. - the next day, December 8th 1941, US declared war on Japan, and three days later December 11th, Germany and ITaly declared war on the US |
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| took control of Japan in the 1930's. they were a group of militaristic, nationalistic, and anti-western people who were really agressive towards the US |
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| Events leading up to Pearl Harbor |
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- ultranationalists -Japan invasion of China Proper (US protested against this) -1940, Japan took air fields of French Indo China and US cut exports with Japan and gave China loan money to fight off Japan - Japan made French Indo China a Japanese Protectorat, and FDR froze all assets to china (loans and investments) and made an OIL EMBARGO against Japan --> THE BIGGEST PROBLEM, we ALSO put a Philippine army under American command (MacArthur) - |
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| army general who led the Philippines in fight with Japan over the invasion of French Indo China |
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| 2nd Washington Conference |
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after Pearl Harbor, in June 1942. FDR met with Churchill and they agreed to wage war on Europe first and that they would enter THROUGH FRANCE!!!! (plan of D DAY) |
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| the two battles to stabilize the affairs in the Pacific in order to wage war on Japan |
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1. Battle of the Coral Sea 2. Battle of Midway |
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| entirely aerial campaign, and it protected Australia which was a British alliance. This place became the allied area to wage the war |
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- it gets it's name because its midway between Japan and Hawaii - Japanese wanted a battle in the Pacific and they chose Midway, but the US broke the Japanese codes and found out that they were going to attack there, so the United States reinforced at Midway and the Japanese lost 4 aircraft carriers then retreated. This victory was huge and it protected Hawaii |
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| ETO or European Theatre of Operations |
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| it was the US operations north of the Mediterranean coast in the war. The first thing the US did with ETO was the invasion of Italy. The Allies invaded southern Italy through Africa, which was a surprise, and it took the Allies almost an entire year to conquer Rome. May, 1943 Italy surrendered and the attention was focussed on Germany |
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| invasion on June 6, 1944. the plan was to cross the English Channel and cross the 60 mile beach of Normandy which were divided into 5 zones. Many Allied soldiers died in this battle but it was a huge success. On D Day and the next two weeks that followed, one million allied troops entered Frances on foot at once. by August of 1944, Paris was liberated and the invasions slowed down but the fighting lasted all winter. |
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5 zones on the beach of Normandy (D DAY) |
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Utah - American Omaha - American (heaviest death toll) Gold Juno Sword |
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| Germany's last attempt to fight back with D DAY invasion. The battle was held in Belgium and Germany lost for the final time |
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| FDR (US) Churchill (GB) and Stalin (ussr) met at Yalta conference when it was clear that the Allies were going to win the war. |
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the big three agreed that... 1.they were going to meet again to draft the charter for the UN 2.Germany was going to be split into 4 zones after the war - owned by Britain, USSr, France, US 3. all allies were going to support democratic elections in liberated Europe 4. These elections would happen soon 5. agreed to give USSR secret negotiations and substantial representation in the UN |
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| may 8th, 1945, Germany surrendered. This is known as Victory in Europe day. |
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| Potsdam Conference and the NEW BIG THREE |
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after Germany surrendered, the big three met again at the Potsdam Conference. FDR died, and Truman took his place, Clement Atlee was the prime minister of Britain and Stalin was still ruler of the USSR. The Big three made final decisions on Germany's occupied zones, and they decided to conduct war tie trials for the Nazi, Italian, and Japanese leaders. Truman also notified the big three that he had successfully tested the atomic bomb. |
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| war tie trials for the Nazi, Italian, and Japanese leaders decided at the Potsdam Conference |
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| decision made by the big three at the Potsdam Conference saying that if Japan didn't surrender by August 3rd, 1945, the US would drop the Atomic bomb on Japan |
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| US began island hopping with War in the Pacific and on August 7, 1942, US marines landed in Guadalcanal in the eastern pacific ocean and it took America almost 3 years to get within battling distance of JApan |
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| 36 day battle in 1945 that was a huge US victory because it gave us the advantage of a close range sighting of Japan |
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| battle between 300,000 American troops verse 150,000 Japanese troops. in the end of the battle 110,000 Japanese died. by this point, Japan was deteriorating by bomb raids but they weren't ready to surrender so Truman issued the Atomic bomb to be dropped |
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| project to build the atomic bomb. it was started in 1942 and was finished in 1945. The project cost 2 billion and made three bombs. there was a total of 37 labs working on the bombs in a total of 19 different states. this was done so no one knew that the bomb was being made. over 120,000 people were employed from the Manhattan Project and Robert Oppenheimer was the boss of it |
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| day we successfully tested the atomic bomb |
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1. on August 6, 1945 America dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima. the bomb was called "Little Boy." It killed about 80,000 people immediately, but we don't know exactly how many people died after. 2. on August 9, 1945 the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki and it was called "fat boy" killing 36,000 people immediatley August 14th, 1945, Japanese emperor announced the surrender of Japan - this day was called VJ DAY |
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| final surrender of Japan was signed on the USS Missouri on September 2, 1945. Truman wanted this to occur on the Missouri IN Missouri because he was from there |
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| Changes after WWII with ECONOMY |
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the GNP - Gros Nationaly Product - before the war was 100.6 billion and in 1945, after the war, the GNP was 213.6 billion - there was better government control and regulation of economy |
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| Changes of WWII with Politics |
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- more conservative politics -in 1942 elections, Republicans take control of congress - FDR was elected for a 4th term as president - then, the 22nd amendment was created saying a person could only serve for 2 terms - so, FDR's vice president, Truman became president, and then was elected one term on his own -after truman came Eisenhower, a very conservative republican |
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| Changes in WWII with BLACK AMERICANS |
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- WWII led to the civil rights movement - 1 million black people served in the war but in segregated units. this was not fair to them, and when they came home they were unwilling to accept the way they were being treated. - NAACP membership increased |
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- after WWII regarding black citizens The Supreme Court struck down the all white primary and then allowed blacks to vote in elections |
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| Changes in WWII with Japanese Americans |
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- faced internment in America during the war because they were considered enemies of the state - FDR's issue of EXECUTIVE ORDER 9066 - issued all japanese to internment camps in the US -some japanese served in WWII on america's side in segrated units and in ETO - in 1988, the US made restitution, which was financial repayment to those who were still alive that were in internment camps |
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| supreme court policy that supported japanese internment camps |
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| Changes in WWII with Women |
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| during the war, 25% of adult women were working and 50% of women in the US worked during the war at some point. for the first time ever, married women in the US outnumered single women working. The women usually worked in manufacturing companies, and resturants and stores had to be closed because of the unemployment. The women weren't treated fairly in the work place, and they earned lower wages than men. they were supposed to be feminine. Women wanted to continue working after the war, but demobilization occured and 33% of the women were fired after the war ended |
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- total war -salvage drives, victory gardens, civilian defense efforts - Christmas lights couldnt be used because the wire was rationed, so people put candles on christmas trees instead -PROPAGANDA!! |
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