WIM data.

T/10

25 years

To provide a bond between a basecourse and surface dressing.

CAS

 A level of deterioration where it is appropriate to undertake maintenance repairs.

Lime stabilisation

The advantage is that it often provides significant increases in soil strength over a relatively short time period.

 Foam bitumen

Penetration grade as a property of surface design

Bitumen is defined in New Zealand by the penetration grade, which is a measure of the hardness of bitumen and the temperature susceptibility of the bitumen.  

Cationic emulsions as a property of surface design

The most commonly used in road surfacing is anionic and cationic emulsions.  The terms anionic and cationic stem from the electrical charges surrounding the bitumen globules. Positively charged bitumen particles will move to the cathode and the emulsion is known as cationic.

Micro texture as a property of surface design

The micro texture is also known as a degree of polish of the exposed aggregate. The resistance of polishing of the aggregate is measured by the PSV test.

• travel time cost savings (including those gained from reduced traffic and improved trip reliability)
• vehicle operating cost (VOC) savings

• accident cost savings
• comfort and productivity benefits from sealing an unsealed road
• driver frustration reduction benefits from passing options
• benefits from reducing or eliminating the risks of damage.
• carbon dioxide reduction benefits
• other external benefits
• national strategic factors.

  Luminance.

Measure of the light coming off a surface in a given direction.  The unit is candelas per square metre.

 Edge Lines

Road markings used to delineate the left hand edge of a traffic lane.

Or separate a paved shoulder from the traffic lanes.

Or provide useful guidance to motorists at night and during inclement weather

Asset Inventory

A recent chipseal job on a winding, hilly section is showing signs of chip loss on the inside of the corners and there is also some bleeding and rolling of chips (corrugation). List reason(s) why this occurred 

Over-application of binder

            Insufficient construction rolling

            Poor post-construction traffic control

            Excessive traffic stress for the seal design used causing chip rollover

A recent chipseal job on a winding, hilly section is showing signs of chip loss on the inside of the corners and there is also some bleeding and rolling of chips (corrugation).

Suggest methods for ensuring that it does not occur in the first place

Good seal design including: harder binder, PMB, ensuring proper rolling, adequate traffic control during early seal life, use of  racked in seal or dry locking coat.

Define the asset to be assessed

Research the available data on the section concerned 

Plan the inspection (weather, time of day etc) based on the MAIN purpose of the inspection (drainage, skid resistance etc)

Organise appropriate traffic control measures

Undertake the work

Report the findings

- safety for vehicle occupants

- safety for pedestrians and cyclists

- comfort for vehicle occupants

- environmental/asthetic fit

- Effective with land use

- Effective aid to traffic flow

- Adequate sight distance

- Adequate stopping distance

- Merge in/out acceleration and decceleration distance

- signage

- lighting

- control measures

- geometry

a bituminous emulsion

which has a negative charge conferred on each

bitumen droplet.

For BINDER, the amount of

material applied to a given area of road surface,

expressed in litres per square metre (L/m2). For

CHIP, application rates are traditionally specified

in terms of area per volume (m2/m3).

the

average of the greatest dimension of a sample of

chips, aligned in their greatest dimension.

the average

of the least dimension of a sample of chips. The

least dimension of a chip is the distance between

two parallel plates in contact with the chip when

the chip is placed so that the distance is a minimum.

a liquid in which a

substantial amount of bitumen or bituminous

binder is dispersed as fine droplets (the DISPERSED

PHASE) in water (the CONTINUOUS PHASE), and

stabilised by means of one or more emulsifying

agents. It is available in two basic types, CATIONIC

and ANIONIC, and in several grades (Quick Break,

Slow Break, or Stable Grades), according to the rapidity

of BREAKING (setting).

an instrument for measuring

the deflection of the surface of a pavement caused

by the passage of a dual-tyred single axle carrying

a standard axle load.

device for

measuring the surface friction or SKID RESISTANCE

of a pavement surface.

a bitumen emulsion which

has a positive charge conferred on each bitumen

droplet.

a very high PSV (high skid

resistance) chip produced by heating bauxite ore

in a kiln. Applied as a high skid resistance road

surfacing using epoxy or polyurethane as a binder.

a ratio

expressed as a percentage between a test load and

a standard load. A standardised testing procedure

(initiated by Californian State Highways

Department in 1929) for comparing the strengths

of basecourses for roads (and airfields).

the controlled

application of CEMENT to improve the loadcarrying

capacity of a pavement layer (usually the

BASECOURSE) or the SUBGRADE

a bituminous mix made

with graded chip, with or without added mineral

filler and low in voids. It depends on grading for

stability

a

bitumen the viscosity of which has been temporarily

reduced by the addition of a volatile diluent

(CUTTER), such as KEROSENE, to make it more

fluid for ease of application.

an application of small chip to

a new chipseal, usually after some traffic has used

the new seal. No binder is applied before spreading

the dry lock chip.

device to measure surface deflection of a pavement

under a dynamic load in order to evaluate its

structural adequacy.

is a hot

bituminous binder which is temporarily converted

to a foamed state by the addition of about 2% (by

weight of bitumen) of water in controlled

conditions.

an aggregate or chip with both fine

and coarse material but without one or more of

the intermediate size fractions

aggregate and

bitumen heated and mixed while hot, transported

to the site of construction, laid and compacted

while hot

the controlled application

of lime to improve the load-carrying capacity of a

pavement layer (usually the basecourse), or of the

subgrade.

a design procedure

based on stress analysis and on elastic material

behaviour in pavements.

an instrument for the

non-destructive measurement of the density and

moisture content of pavement layers.

a gapgraded

hot mixed asphalt containing a mix of

binder and larger sized aggregates with only small

amounts of fine material, with relatively high void

content, and depending largely on mechanical

interlock for stability. It has interconnected voids

which aid drainage of road surface water.

determines the hardness

of a roading bitumen by measuring the distance

in tenths of a millimetre that a standard needle

weighted with 100 g will sink (penetrate) in

5 seconds into a bitumen sample, at 25°C.

a

bitumen with polymer added, usually up to 5-6%

by mass. Polymers tend to reduce the temperature

sensitivity of the binder, and some polymers make

the binder more elastic.

a measure of

how a stone will polish under standard conditions.

The PSV test is primarily used to identify aggregates

(chip) that will retain their microtexture (i.e. will

not polish) under traffic.

calcium oxide, CaO, used as an

additive (with granular form) in soil stabilisation.

Also referred to as Burnt Lime.

one application of binder

and two applications of chip are made in the

following sequence:

• A single application of binder is applied, followed

by application of a large chip;

• A further application of a smaller chip is made.

The first application of large chip has spaces into

which the smaller chip can fall between the large

chip, and adhere to the layer of binder below.

RAMM (Road Assessment and Maintenance

Management system):

a computer-based system

to manage the maintenance and rehabilitation of

pavements and associated roading features.

the non-volatile fraction of

a binder that remains in service after evaporation

of volatiles.

the

authorities responsible for roading within their

jurisdiction, e.g. Transit New Zealand for the

national State Highway system; District or City

Councils for roads within Local Government regions

including roads within urban boundaries.

a test used to determine the average

texture depth of a pavement surface. A circle is

made with a standard volume of sand, and its

diameter relates to the volume of voids. The test

is in accordance with TNZ T/3 Specification:

Measurement of texture by the Sand Circle Method.

a single sprayed

application of sealing binder followed immediately

with a single application of chip which is spread

and rolled into place.

gap-graded

hot mixed asphalt which has a high proportion of

coarse aggregate that interlocks to form a stoneon-

stone skeleton to resist permanent deformation.

The stone skeleton is filled with a mastic of bitumen

and filler to which fibres are added to provide

adequate stability of the bitumen, and to prevent

drainage of binder during transport to the site and

placement.

a test to determine the stress–strain

properties of a pavement material in which a

cylindrical specimen of the material is subjected

to a 3-dimensional stress system. The axial strain

is related to the applied stress.

a chipseal with two

applications of binder and two applications of chip

applied in the following sequence:

• an application of sprayed binder followed

immediately with an application of large size

chip;

• a second application of sprayed binder, and

another application of finer chip.

Both coats are applied one after the other with

little to no time delay between coats.

a seal coat applied to another

seal with a light application of binder.