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| Sounds are created when objects |
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The magnitude of displacement of a
sound pressure wave (height of wave) |
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For sound, the number of times per
second that a pattern of pressure repeats |
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The psychological aspect of sound
related to perceived intensity or magnitude |
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Definition
| A unit of measure for frequency. |
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A unit of measure for the physical
intensity of sound |
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The eardrum; a thin sheet of
skin at the end of the outer ear canal. Vibrates in
response to sound |
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Receives vibrations from the tympanic
membrane and is attached to the incus |
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Connected to the incus on one end and the
oval window of the cochlea on the other |
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Amplify soft sounds & mute
really loud sounds |
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Definition
Fine changes in sound pressure are translated into
neural signals
Function is roughly analogous to that of the retina |
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Definition
Spiral structure of the inner ear
containing the organ of Corti
Cochlea is filled with watery fluids in three
parallel canals |
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Extends from round window at base of
cochlea to helicotrema at the apex |
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Definition
Extends from oval window at base of
cochlea to helicotrema at the apex |
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Definition
Sandwiched between the tympanic and
vestibular canals and contains the cochlear partition |
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Definition
Thin sheath of tissue
separating the vestibular & middle canals in the cochlea |
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Definition
Plate of fibers that forms the base
of the cochlear partition and separates the middle &
tympanic canals in the cochlea |
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Definition
A structure on the basilar membrane of
the cochlea that is composed of hair cells and
dendrites of auditory nerve fibers |
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Definition
Cells that support the stereocilia that
transduce mechanical movement in the cochlea
and vestibular labyrinth into neural activity sent to
the brain stem |
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Definition
A gelatinous structure, attached
on one end, that extends into the middle canal of the
ear, floating above inner hair cells and touching outer
hair cells |
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Definition
Hairlike extensions on the tips of hair cells in
the cochlea that initiate the release of neurotransmitters
when they are flexed |
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Term
| Mechanoelectrical transduction |
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Definition
Responsible
for extreme speed of sensitivity of hair cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Tuning of different parts of the
cochlea to different frequencies, in which
information about the particular frequency of an
incoming sound wave is coded by the place along
the cochlear partition with the greatest mechanical
displacement |
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Term
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Definition
The auditory system has another way to encode
frequency aside from the cochlear place code
• Tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different
frequencies, in which information about the
particular frequency of an incoming sound wave is
coded by the timing of neural firing as it relates
to the period of the sound |
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Term
| Interaural time differences (ITD) |
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Definition
The difference in
time between a sound arriving at one ear versus the
other |
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Definition
The angle of a sound source on the horizon
relative to a point in the center of the head between
the ears |
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Term
| Interaural level difference (ILD) |
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Definition
The difference in
level (intensity) between a sound arriving at one ear
versus the other |
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Definition
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A region of positions in space
where all sounds produce the same ITDs and ILDs |
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Term
| Head-related transfer function (HRTF) |
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Definition
A function
that describes how the pinnae, ear canals, head, and
torso change the intensity of sounds with different
frequencies that arrive at each ear from different
locations in space (azimuth and elevation) |
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Term
| Each person has their own |
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Definition
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Term
| Takes this long to improve localization |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Psychological sensation by which a listener
can judge that two sounds with the same fundamental
loudness and pitch are dissimilar |
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Definition
Processing an auditory scene consisting of multiple
sound sources into separate sound images |
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Term
| Auditory stream segregation |
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Definition
The perceptual
organization of a complex acoustic signal into
separate auditory events for which each stream is
heard as a separate event |
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Definition
: The airway above the larynx used for the
production of speech
• Includes the oral tract and nasal tract
• Flexibility of vocal tract: Important in speech
production |
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Definition
changes by varying the tension
of vocal cords, and pressure of airflow from lungs |
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Definition
Area involved is vocal tract
• Humans can change the shape of their vocal tract
by manipulating their jaws, lips, tongue body,
tongue tip, and velum (soft palate) |
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Term
| Resonance characteristics (energy spectrum) |
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Definition
created
by changing size and shape of vocal tracts to affect
sound frequency distribution |
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Definition
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Definition
A pattern for sound analysis that
provides a three-dimensional display plotting time |
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The
phenomenon in speech
whereby attributes of
successive speech units
overlap in articulatory or
acoustic patterns |
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Definition
people perceive sharp
categorical boundaries between the stimuli |
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Definition
| Locating objects using echoes. |
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Term
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| Reinforced only given if subject produces desired response. |
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Term
| Primary Reinforcer for Dolphins |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary Reinforcer for Dolphins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Move target closer and closer to goal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Move target closer and closer to goal. |
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