Term
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Definition
The science of defining quantitative
relationships between physical and
psychological (subjective) events |
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Term
| Inventor of psychophysics |
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Definition
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Term
| Just Noticeable Difference/Difference Threshold |
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Definition
The smallest
detectable difference between two stimuli, or the
minimum change in a stimulus that can be correctly
judged as different from a reference stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
The smallest change in a stimulus
that can be detected is a constant proportion of the
stimulus level |
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Definition
The magnitude of subjective
sensation increases proportionally to the logarithm of
the stimulus intensity |
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Term
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Definition
A principle describing the
relationship between stimulus magnitude and resulting
sensation magnitude, such that the magnitude of
subjective sensation is proportional to the stimulus
magnitude raised to an exponent |
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Definition
| Minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a person to detect a stimulus 50% of the time. |
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Term
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Definition
Method of constant stimuli
Method of limits
Method of adjustment
Magnitude estimation
Cross-modality matching |
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Term
| Method of Constant Stimuli |
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Definition
| Many stimuli with different intensities. Find lowest detected. Random order, multiple times. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimuli in ordering of increasing or decreasing intensity. Not random. |
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Definition
| Start with an easy stimulus, if correct, make it harder. If incorrect, make it easier. |
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Definition
| Like the Method of Limits, but the subject controls the intensity. |
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Definition
| Listeners assign a number to their choice of perceived magnitude. |
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Definition
| Adjust a stimulus in one modality to match another. |
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Term
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Definition
A psychophysical theory
that quantifies the response of an observer to the
presentation of a signal in the presence of noise |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Expands and contracts to regulate the
amount of light entering the eye through the pupil. |
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Term
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Definition
| The dark circular opening at the center of the iris in the eye, where light enters the eye |
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Term
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Definition
The tough outer covering of the eye that
holds the rest of the structures in. |
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Term
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Definition
| The transparent "window" into the eyeball. |
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Term
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Definition
The watery fluid in the anterior
chamber, supplies oxygen and nutrients to lens
and cornea |
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Term
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Definition
The lens inside the eye, which
enables changing focus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls the shape of the lens. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the lens changes shape. |
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Term
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Definition
The transparent fluid that fills
the vitreous chamber in the posterior part of the
eye |
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Term
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Definition
A light-sensitive membrane in the back of
the eye that contains rods and cones, which
receive an image from the lens and send it to the
brain through the optic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| The back surface of the retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain both rods and cones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Receive inputs from photoreceptors and passes information to ganglion cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Receive input from multiple cones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Receive input from a single cone. |
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Term
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Definition
Gather light information from
several receptors and process this information via a
mechanism called lateral inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
Appear to integrate information from
groups of bipolar cells, and communicate these
computations to ganglion cells |
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Term
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Definition
Receive input from bipolar and amacrine
cells, process input, send messages to brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Input from Midget Bipolar Cells, fine resolution & contrast |
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Term
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Definition
| Input from Diffuse Bipolar Cells, better for how light & how images change over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest spatial detail that can be resolved. |
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Term
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Definition
| Input from M Ganglion Cells. Responds to fast moving objects. 2 Layers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Input from P Ganglion cells, process details of stationary objects. 4 Layers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ordered mapping of world to LGN |
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Term
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Definition
| Major visual transformation here. Has topographical mapping and information scaling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cortical representation of the fovea is greatly magnified compared to the cortical representation of the periphery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Distance between retinal image and fovea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Striate cortex responds to this pattern. |
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Term
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Definition
Tendency of neurons in striate
cortex to respond optimally to certain orientations,
and less to others |
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Term
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Definition
Striate cortex neuron
demonstrate a preference for stimulus presented
to ONE eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Vertical arrangement of neurons. |
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Term
| Occular Dominance Columns |
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Definition
| Neurons with the same eye preference are in the same column. |
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Term
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Definition
A 1-mm block of striate cortex
containing “ all the machinery necessary to look after
everything the striate cortex is responsible for, in a
certain small part of the visual world” |
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Term
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Definition
A stage of visual processing that comes
after basic features have been extracted from the
image and before object recognition and scene
understanding |
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Term
| High-level Visual Processes |
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Definition
Enable us to recognize
- Familiar objects
- Novel views of familiar objects
- Novel instances of familiar objects |
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Term
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Definition
A
contour that is
perceived even
though nothing
changes from one
side of the contour
to the other in the
image |
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Term
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Definition
“The whole is greater than the sum
of its parts." |
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Term
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Definition
A set of rules that describe
when elements in an image will appear to group together |
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Term
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Definition
A Gestalt grouping rule
stating that two elements will tend to group
together if they lie on the same contour |
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Term
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Definition
Carving an image into regions
of common texture properties |
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Term
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Definition
Items that are similar will tend to group
together |
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Term
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Definition
Items that are close together will tend
to group together |
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Term
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Definition
| Parallel contours are likely to belong the same figure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Symmetrical regions are more likely to be seen as the same. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two features will group if they appear to be part of the same larger region. |
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Term
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Definition
Two items will tend to group if
they are connected |
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Term
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Definition
Perception results from the consensus that
emerges |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A visual stimulus that gives rise to
two or more interpretations of its identity or structure |
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Term
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Definition
A viewing position that
produces some regularity in the visual image that
is not present in the world |
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Term
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Definition
The process of
determining that some regions of an image belong to
a foreground object (figure) and other regions are part
of the background (ground) |
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Term
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Definition
The surrounding region is likely
to be ground |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller region likely to be figure. |
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Term
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Definition
If edges of an object are shaded
such that they seem to recede in the distance, they
tend to be seen as figure |
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Term
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Definition
If one region moves in front of
another, then the closer region is figure |
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Term
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Definition
The degree to which two line
segments appear to be part of the same contour |
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Term
| Global Superiority Effect |
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Definition
The properties of the
whole object take precedence over the properties
of parts of the object |
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Term
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Definition
The proposal that the visual
system recognizes objects by matching the neural
representation of the image with a stored
representation of the same “shape” in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
A description of an object in
terms of the nature of its constituent parts and the
relationships between those parts |
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Term
| "Recognition by components" Model |
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Definition
Biederman’s
model of object recognition, which holds that objects
are recognized by the identities and relationships of
their component parts |
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Term
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Definition
In Biederman’s model, the “geometric ions” out
of which objects are built |
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Term
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Definition
The region of cortex
bordering the primary visual cortex and containing
multiple areas involved in visual processing |
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Term
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Definition
Part of the cerebral cortex in the
lower portion of the temporal lobe, important for object
recognition |
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Term
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Definition
| The differences between 2 retinas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vivid perception of 3D world |
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Term
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Definition
A depth cue that is available
even when the world is viewed with one eye alone |
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Term
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Definition
A cue to relative depth order in which one
object obstructs the view of part of another object |
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Term
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Definition
A comparison of size between items
without knowing the absolute size of either one |
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Term
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Definition
Below the horizon, objects higher in
the visual field appear to be farther away. Above the
horizon, objects lower in the visual field appear to be
farther away |
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Term
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Definition
A depth cue based on the geometric
fact that items of the same size form smaller
images when they are farther away |
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Term
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Definition
| A cue based on knowledge of the typical size of objects. |
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Term
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Definition
A depth cue based on the implicit
understanding that light is scattered by the
atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| Lines that are parallel in the threedimensional world will appear to converge in a twodimensional image as they extend into the distance |
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Term
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Definition
The apparent point at which parallel
lines receding in depth converge |
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Term
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Definition
Images closer to the observer appear
to move faster across the visual field than images
farther away |
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Term
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Definition
The process by which the eye
changes its focus (in which the lens gets fatter as
gaze is directed toward nearer objects) |
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Term
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Definition
| When a visual system guess is wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| Lines with arrows illusion. |
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Term
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Definition
The (illusory) impression of smooth
motion resulting from the rapid alternation of objects
appearing in different locations in rapid succession |
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Term
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Definition
The fact that when a moving
object is viewed through an aperture (or a
receptive field), the direction of motion of a local
feature or part of the object may be ambiguous |
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Term
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Definition
The
problem faced by the motion detection system of
knowing which feature in frame 2 corresponds to a
particular feature in frame 1 |
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Term
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Definition
The illusion of motion of a
stationary object that occurs after prolonged exposure
to a moving object |
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Term
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Definition
The transfer of an effect (such as
adaptation) from one eye to another |
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Term
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Definition
The changing angular position of
points in a perspective image that we experience
as we move through the world |
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Term
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Definition
The point in the center of the
horizon from which, when we are in motion, all points
in the perspective image seem to emanate |
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Term
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Definition
| The pattern of movement of all animals |
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Term
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Definition
| The way that sense organs pick up information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The interpretation of a sensation. |
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Term
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Definition
| 95% of people got this demo correct. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Center: 1/1
L1: 2/3, L2: 2/3, L3: 0/3
R1: 3/3, R2: 0/3, R3: 0/3
Mostly matched expectations. Not 100% |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Number of geons you need to recognize something |
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Term
R: 14
L: 8
Change: 12
Saw image: 13/27 [helicopter]
Others saw storm troopers |
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Definition
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Term
| Buddha weaker than waterfall: 18/23 |
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Definition
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