Term
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Definition
| Repetition of information aloud or silently. |
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Definition
| Semantic elaboration of material. Placing information in context. |
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Definition
| Create a visual image to remember verbal information. |
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Definition
| Memorization graph. Recall best at beginning and end of sequence. |
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Definition
| Effect of rehearsing early words more often. |
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Term
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Definition
| Words at the end of a sequence are still in STM. |
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Term
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Definition
| A retrieval state in which a person feels he knows the information but cannot immediately retrieve it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Making the original encoding of a memory disappear by means of biasing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that memory is a system for storing records of past events. Recollection is searching through and reading records. Forgetting due to interference. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory reflects changes to the cognitive system used to interpret events. Recollection is reconstruction of the past. Forgetting caused by continuous changes each experience makes on the cognitive system. |
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Term
| Mandler's Two Process Theory of Recognition Memory |
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Definition
| Theory with two components of recognition: Familiarity and context/related information recall. |
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Term
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Definition
| Representation used to store an item in memory. |
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Term
| Levels of Processing Theory |
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Definition
| The greater the semantic analysis, the greater the depth of processing and more durable the memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory codes have different _____ _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| An item that is different in appearance or meaning from other objects. |
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Term
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Definition
| An item is distinct from other items in immediate context. |
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Term
| Secondary Distinctiveness |
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Definition
| An item distinct from other items in stored LTM. |
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Term
| Orthographic Distinctiveness |
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Definition
| Lowercase words that have distinctive shape. |
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Term
| Emotional Distinctiveness |
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Definition
| Items that produce an emotional response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A memory of an important event that caused an emotional reaction. Very confident, but decreasingly accurate over time. |
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Term
| Encoding Specificity Principle |
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Definition
| The specific encoding operations performed on the stimulus determine what is stored, and what is stored determines what retrieval cues are effective in providing access to what is stored. |
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Term
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Definition
| How easy it is to form an image for a word. |
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Term
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Definition
| Give as many associations for a word as possible. |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy to improve memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Images are descriptions of scenes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Images are spatial representations analogous to the experience of seeing the object during visual perception. |
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Term
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Definition
| A word formed from the initial letters or groups of letters of words in a set phrase or series of words. |
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Term
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Definition
| An invented sequence where the first letter of each word (or the last letter) is a cue to an idea you need to remember. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mnemonic strategy using keywords to improve paired associates learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| To remember a name, invent a relationship between the name and physical characteristics of a person. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consist of objects or events we group together because we feel they are related. |
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Term
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Definition
| Categories that can be distinguished on the basis of a simple rule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Many cannot be distinguished on the basis of a single rule. |
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Term
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Definition
| No rigid rule that clearly separates members of a category from nonmembers. |
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Term
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Definition
| People remember examples from the category and compare novel patterns to the examples. |
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Term
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Definition
| People classify novel patterns by determining the number of matching features. |
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Term
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Definition
| Creating a prototype that is a representative of a category. |
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Term
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Definition
| Categorize based on knowledge, experience, and top down processing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exemplar Model rule for placing an item in a category. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Relationships between concepts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hierarchical Relationships |
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Term
| Characteristics and Leads To |
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Definition
| Nonhierchical Relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| Different features stored at each level only once. |
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Term
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Definition
| More typical members come to mind faster than less typical members. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lexical items are made accessible by calling up semantically related items. |
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Term
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Definition
| Recent presentation of an item speeds subsequent access. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of symbols and rules for combining these symbols, which can be used to create an infinite variety of messages. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of symbols to represent ideas. |
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Term
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Definition
| A limited number of words can be combined in an infinite number of ways. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organization of a language, it's grammatical rules. |
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Term
- Traditional transmission
- Displacement
- Productivity |
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Definition
| Hockett's Design Features of Language |
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest unit of meaning in a language. |
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Term
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Definition
| Basic sounds of a language. |
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Term
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Definition
| Left to write grammar parsing rules, word pairs govern correctness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Top down grammar, map sentence into a speech parse tree. Shows ambiguity and abstractness. Does not convey linguistic knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Chomsky, no single theory accounts for all ambiguities. Requires semantic knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sentence that produces a high expectation for a particular word. |
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Term
| Sentence Superiority Effect |
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Definition
| Accuracy in recognizing a word is higher when the word is in the context of a sentence than when it is heard alone. |
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Term
| Atkinson and Shiffrin Theory of Memory |
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Definition
| Theory that we have multiple sensory registers, control processes, STM, and LTM. |
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Term
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Definition
| Immediate Judgment (STM) vs Delayed Judgment (LTM)? |
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Term
| Items easy for immediate recall hard to recall during delayed recall. |
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Definition
| Benjamin And Bjork Serial Position Effect Results |
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Term
| Imagery much better than rehearsal. Delayed judgment is best! |
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Definition
| Dunlonsky & Nelson paired associate task results |
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Term
| More violent terms = Higher speed estimate |
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Definition
| Loftus & Palmer Overwriting Car Crash Results |
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Term
| Could be familiar if criminal or saw in innocent mug shot. |
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Definition
| Eyewitness Identification Information |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Rate Pleasantness = Explicit memorization |
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Definition
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Term
Standard recog => Deep processing wins
Rhyming recog => Shallow processing wins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Paivio word High/Low pairs results |
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Term
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Definition
| Kossyln scanning two objects depends on? |
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Term
| Visual imagery uses same part of brain as vision |
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Definition
| Cognitive Neuroscience visual info |
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Term
| 0% could reinterpret their image, 100% could reinterpret the actual picture |
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Definition
| Chambers duck image results |
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Term
| Verbal code means we don't need a detailed image. |
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Definition
| Why do we lose details in images? |
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Term
| Suppression group could reinterpret the image better. |
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Definition
| Brandimonte suppression reinterpretation results |
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Term
| Concept Identification Task |
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Definition
| Cards with things, categorize them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consumers establish a minimally acceptable cutoff point for each relevant product attribute. Any brand meeting or surpassing the cutoff point for any one attribute is considered an acceptable choice. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consumer is assumed to set up minimum cutoffs for each of several attributes or dimensions of a product or thing. If the brand or item does not meet all of the minimum criteria, it is rejected. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of discovering a logical rule from known relevant attributes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on logical relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of discovering relevant attributes based on a known logical rule. |
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Term
| Complexity reduction, identification of objects, reduction of constant learning. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Hierarchical Organization |
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Definition
| Tree structure for categories |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Middle amount of category specificity. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| How well members of a category represent that category. |
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Term
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Definition
| Property of typical category members. |
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Term
| Most people use the prototype rule. |
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Definition
| Reed's Classification results |
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Term
Beginner => Prototype
Experienced => Exemplar |
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Definition
| Who uses what categorization rules |
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Term
| People assumed pizza was very small. Using background knowledge. |
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Definition
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Term
| Takes longer to move each level up |
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Definition
| Collins and Qullian level results |
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Term
| Does not account for typicality effect, and is not always consistent. |
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Definition
| Hierarchical Network Model: Limitations |
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Term
| Little evidence for feature access, computation not always necessary. |
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Definition
| Feature Comparison Model Limitations |
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Term
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Definition
Meaning of words => List of features
Compare features until satisfied |
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Term
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Definition
| Network model, but new nodes can be activated. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in links from a node. |
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Term
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Definition
| Method that people use schemas to reconstruct events. |
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Term
| 47% got the word correct. Need top down processing. |
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Definition
| Pollack and Pickett conversation snippets |
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Term
1% higher when primed. Significant.
Class results: 1 for every trial.
Not as expected. |
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Definition
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Term
Umbrella: 5
Demo: 3
Went as model data, expected, equal accuracy. |
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Definition
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Term
| 2.6, 4.5, 4.7. Both expected & unexpected |
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Definition
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Term
95% apple
70% car
Worst: Nut, Sled
Expected |
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Definition
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Term
Pizza: Cheese, pepperoni (Chicago)
Cat: Bird, dog (Scratch post/litter box)
Fire: Flames, matches (restaurant operations) |
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Definition
| Spreading Activation Model Demo |
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Term
| Butter, locker, card: 8/10 |
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Definition
| High Constraint Sentence Demo |
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