Term
DEFINITION
Simple one-sentence definitions |
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Definition
by synonym (a sheep is usually considered a grown lamb),
by function (a sheep provides wool for clothing), by synthesis (a sheep is a friendlier form of goat). Synthesis is placing the term in a memorable (not necessarily logical) relationship to its whole class. |
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Term
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Definition
Example is a specific instance or case that proves a general statement. Many short examples may be provided, or one long, extended example that serves as support for a point. |
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Term
| Definition by Illustration |
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Definition
Illustration is added details that add breadth and/or depth to a an idea. |
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Term
| Definition by Classification by Genus |
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Definition
| Defining a subject by focusing on its general class. |
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Term
| Definition by Classification by Division |
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Definition
| Generally division of a subject assumes the writer has defined the subject by genus first. The subject is further defined by showing how it differs from other members of its class. Division explains the subgroups that exist or the parts that make it up. Summarizing is a form of classifying. |
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Term
Comparison
Comparison or Similarities |
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Definition
The subjects can be defined as having the same qualities. |
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Term
Comparison by
Contrast or Differences |
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Definition
The subject cannot be defined as having the same qualities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Focus on the degree of similarity or difference: ATo what degree is X like Y?@) |
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Term
Relationship
Cause & Effect |
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Definition
| : "Given this situation, what MUST follow?" (If the temperature is 230 degrees, water will be boiling.) If there is a direct cause and effect relationship between the antecedent and consequent, then this is the stronger argument than a simple antecedent-consequent relationship. Logic rules that apply: effect may not have a number of possible causes; the cause assigned for an effect must be capable of producing the effect; once probable and adequate cause is established consider whether there are other adequate causes for the effect; conditions or circumstances must have allowed the potential cause to operate; does the hypothetical cause always produces the same effect. |
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Term
Relationship
Antecedent and Consequence |
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Definition
"Given this situation (antecedent), what MAY follow? (consequent)" Emphasis is on things that follow, but are not cause and effect. Concentrates more on the judgments that follow from the existent situation. (If the temperature is 23 degrees, frost will form on the windows. Frost does not always form from temperature alone.) |
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Term
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Definition
a subtle change from difference: difference involves things that differ in kind; contraries involve opposite or incompatible things of the same kind. (Cold and loud are terms of difference=degree of temperature versus degree of sound; Cold and hot are contrary terms=both degree of temperatures= If the water is hot, then it is not cold.) Logic rules that apply: If one proposition is proven true, then no need to prove other false. If one proposition is proven false, then the other is not necessarily true; then one must go on to prove the second proposition true. |
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Term
Relationships
Contradictions |
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Definition
Proving since a subject IS one thing, it IS NOT the other thing. (the water is or is not hot). Logic rules that apply: If it's true the temperature is hot, then it is false that it is not hot. If one proposition is proven true, then the other is false and needs no proof. If one proposition is proven false, then the other is true. |
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Term
Circumstances
Possible and Impossible |
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Definition
encouraging a proposed course of action by
showing it is possible; or discouraging by showing proposed action is impossible. |
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Term
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Definition
whether something in the past did or did not happened in fact or probability |
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Term
Circumstances
Future Fact |
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Definition
whether something in the future will or will not happen in probability |
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Term
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Definition
Using Authority - god, expert witness
Testimonial - famous person selling a product they use
Statistics - numbers
Maxims - an expression of a general truth or principle - a apple a day keeps the doctor away
Law - statutes, rules, laws
Precedent - this is what has been done |
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