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A mistaken belief, esp. one based on unsound argument
Ex: “You can’t prove that there aren’t Martians living in caves under the surface of Mars, so it is reasonable for me to believe there are.”
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It is an informal fallacy
Ex: "gun registration may lead to gun confiscation"
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The appeal to logic (logos), the appeal to the emotions (pathos), and the appeal to the character (or perceived character) of the speaker (ethos).
Ex:"Appeals are not the same as fallacies, which are simply faulty reasoning that may be used intentionally to deceive. Appeals can be part of a reasonable argumentative case. The potential for misuse, however, is present in all appeals . . .. Two of the most common appeals are those to the emotions and those to authority."
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Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.
Ex: When you are right you cannot be too radical; when you are wrong, you cannot be too conservative."
From the Greek, "beside one another"
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Prejudice in favor or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.
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| A discussion in which disagreement is expressed; a debate |
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| (Emotional Fallacy) use emotion to distract the audience from the facts. |
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| (Logical Fallacy) draws conclusions from scanty evidence |
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Post hoc, ergo proctor hoc |
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| (Logical Fallacy) confuse chronology with causation: one event can occur after another without being caused by it. |
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| A claim (or claims) is a written statement(s). |
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| Something, such as a point previously claimed in argument, that is later conceded |
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| Logical Fallacy) an inaccurate, inappropriate, or misleading comparison between two things( |
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| A quality that evokes pity or sadness |
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| is a kind of reasoning that constructs or evaluates general proportions that are derived from specific examples. Inductive reasoning contrasts with deductive reasoning, in which specific examples are derived from general propositions. |
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| is the process of reasoning from one or more general statements (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion. |
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| is a source of knowleadge acquired by means of observation or experimentation |
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| Arising from or appealing to the emotions and not reason or logic. |
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| The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. |
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| a fallacy in logical argumentation. |
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| Capable of persuading people that something will happen or be successful: "a credible threat" |
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| The solid surface of the earth. |
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Refutation (counterargument) |
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| the speech act of answering an attack on your assertions; "his refutation of the charges was short and persuasive" |
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| The action or fact of persuading someone or of being persuaded to do or believe something. |
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| means persuading by the use of reasoning. |
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| A wagon used for carrying a band in a parade or procession. |
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| The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing. |
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| information, esp. of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view |
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| A plan or suggestion put forward for consideration or discussion by others. |
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| The logical fallacy of false dilemma. |
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| A person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else. |
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| Ironical understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary. |
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| A refutation or contradiction. |
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| evasion: a statement that is not literally false but that cleverly avoids an unpleasant truth. |
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| means convincing by the character of the author. |
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| the main means of mass communication |
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| A mild or indirect word or expression for one too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing |
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| The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. |
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| A seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true. |
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| The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses. |
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