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| what are the two file systems created by default when RHEL is installed |
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| File-system Hierarchy Standard (FHS) |
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| memory based file system, created at boot up |
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| created on physical media |
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| / - the top level file system in the FHS |
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| the binary directory, holds crucial executable commands, contains static data files |
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| library directory, shared files, disk-based, contains static data files |
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| system binary directory, crucial system administration commands, contains static data files |
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| etcetera directory, system configuration files, contains dynamic data files |
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| files that have lost their name (system crash) |
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| command to recreate lost+found directory |
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| home directory of the user root |
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| server data for web sites, databases, etc. |
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| disk based, contains kernel(s), boot loader, boot configuration files, default size 100MB, static files |
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| frequently changed data, including /var/log, /var/spool/mail |
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| holds print jobs, cron jobs, email messages, other queued items |
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| large temporary files and files that need to survive reboots |
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| Unix System Resources (/usr) contains general fles related to the system |
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| additional executable commands |
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| additional system administration commands |
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| sys admin repository for commands and tools downloaded or added to the system |
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/usr/local/bin
/usr/local/etc
/usr/local/man |
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downloaded or added executable files,
etc holds their configuration files, man holds the man pages |
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| contains header files for C |
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| shared man pages and documentation, and configuration files |
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| library files for programming sub-routines |
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| dumping ground for temporary files, many created by programs |
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| additional software packages installed on the system, each with a sub-dir |
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| contains home directories for user files |
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| device files for hardware and virtual devices, a virtual file system |
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| data is moved in blocks, often with random access |
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| data is accessed in a serial manner, such as a mouse, keyboard, or serial printer |
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| AutoFS will mount NFS file systems here. Virtual file system |
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| a Virtual file system where removable media is automatically mounted |
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| a virtual file system where AutoFS mounts local resources |
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| a virtual file system containing dynamic data files with information about the current state of the running kernel |
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| System file system, a virtual file system, contains information about the currently configured hardware |
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| SELinux file system - contains all current settings for SELinux |
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| how is the absolute path started |
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| enter ll, what is the prefix for link files |
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| enter ll, what is the prefix for directories |
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| command to display detailed information about a file |
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| command to determine what a linked file is linked to |
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| enter ll, what is the prefix for a character (raw) device file |
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| enter ll, what is the prefix for a block device file |
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| command to get detailed information about a device file |
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| AKA - a FIFO, used for Inter Process Communication (IPC) |
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| enter ll, what does the prefix p mean |
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| a named pipe, aka FIFO, used for IPC (Inter Process Communication) |
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| works as a two way named pipe, used for IPC |
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| enter ll, what does the s prefix mean |
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| a socket - used for two way communication |
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| the max number of alphanumeric characters of a file or directory name |
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| create a new file using cat |
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cat > newfile
enter text
ctrl+d to exit |
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| make a directory and subdirectories |
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| mkdir -p scripts/perl/perl5 |
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| show the first 10 lines of a file |
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| show the first 3 lines of a file |
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| show the last 10 lines of a file |
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| show the last 3 lines of a file |
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| what does view filename do? |
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| opens a file in the vi editor |
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| extract the legible information from a file |
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| what does the string command do |
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| displays legible information embedded in a non-text or binary file |
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| copy a file and automatically overwrite |
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| copy a file and prompt if the file already exists |
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| what is the switch to have cp prompt before overwriting a file |
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| what is the recursive option for the cp command |
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| remove a file, but be prompted before removing |
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| remove an empty directory |
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| remove a full directory, but get prompted for each item |
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| move a file, but prompt before overwriting anything |
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| display file statistics on a file |
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| find the last accessed time of a file |
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| display the available space of a directory |
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| display directory statistics |
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| look for a the pattern "root" in /etc/group and show line numbers |
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| command to change an attribute |
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| set a file so that it cannot be changed, renamed, or deleted |
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| set a file so that the access time cannot be changed |
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| set a file so that it can only be appended |
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| set a file so that it cannot be deleted |
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| set a file so that it cannot be backed up with dump and cannot be changed, even by root |
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| search a file and exclude the pattern "root" |
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| show the line numbers for the pattern "root" in /etc/group |
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| display the names of the files that show the pattern user1 in a list of files |
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| grep -l user1 /etc/group /etc/passwd /etc/hosts |
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| search for the lines that begin with root in /etc/passwd |
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| search for all the empty lines in /etc/passwd |
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| search for root, or Root in /etc/password |
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Definition
grep -i root /etc/passwd
-i = ignore case |
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| print all the lines from the ll /etc output that show drwx or xin |
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Definition
| ll /etc | grep -E 'drwx|xin' |
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| find a file named filename starting at root |
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| compare two files, display the results in three sections |
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| find files larger than 100MB in the usr directory |
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| show lines of /etc/passwd that only contain "root" and nothing else |
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| what is the command syntax for find, "find", then what |
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| find, path, option, action |
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| find files smaller than 1GB in root's home directory |
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| find files larger than 1GB in your home directory |
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| find files in /home that have user1 as the owner and group |
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| find /home -user user1 -group user1 |
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| find files in /home that have the owner as user1, but the group as something else |
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| find /home -user user1 -not -group user1 |
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| find files in /etc/rc.d that were modified more than 120 days ago |
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Definition
| find /etc/rc.d -mtime +120 |
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| find files in / named core not owned by root |
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Definition
| find / -name core -not -user root |
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| find files in /etc/rc.d that were modified exactly 10 days ago |
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| find files in /etc/rc.d that have not been accessed in the last 90 days |
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| find /etc/rc.d -atime -90 |
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| find character files in /dev with 666 permissions |
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| find /dev -type c -perm 666 |
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| find link files in /usr with 777 permissions |
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Definition
| find /usr -type l -perm 777 |
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| find files in /usr that have at least 444 permissions |
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| find character files in /dev that are world writable |
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Definition
| find /dev -type c -perm -222 |
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| find block device files in /dev with the write bit set at any of the three levels |
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| find /dev -type b -perm +222 |
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| search for core files in the entire directory tree and prompt to delete them if found |
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Definition
| find / -name core -ok rm {} \; |
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| find core files in the entire directory tree and delete them without prompting |
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Definition
| find / -name core -exec rm {} \; |
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| find core files starting in / and rename them to the same name with .old extension |
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Definition
| find / -name core -exec mv {} {}.old \; |
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| /var/lib/mlocate/mlocate.db |
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| how is mlocate.db updated |
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Definition
| updated daily with /etc/cron.daily/mlocate.cron |
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| how can mlocate.db be updated manually |
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| how often is the database used by locate updated |
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| mlocate.db is updated daily via the mlocate.cron script |
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| checks the mlocate.db for the string entered |
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| locate files with "passwd" in the name |
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| locate 3 occurrences of passwd |
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| locate all files with the .sh extension and list the first five |
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| sort a file alphabetically |
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| sort a file on the second column |
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| sort a file numerically on the second column |
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| sort a file numerically in reverse order |
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| sort the output of the ll command |
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| sort the output of ll on the 6th column which is sorting by the months |
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| sort the results of ll and place them in a file sort.out |
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| ll / | sort -o /tmp/sort.out |
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| ls -al /etc/skel and sort on the 6th (months) and 7th column |
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Definition
| ls -al /etc/skel | sort -k 6M -k 7 |
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| what is the unique number assigned to each file as it is created |
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| like a pointer. Can cross file system boundaries. Can be used to link directories |
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| symlink two files. the original file is named filename |
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| do an ll showing inode numbers |
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| there is a symbolic link to a file, the orignal is deleted, what happens to the link |
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| it stays put, but points to something that does not exist |
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| an association of two or more files to a single inode number. The files are then identical |
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| limitations of a hard link |
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| can't link across file systems and can't link directories |
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| file2 exists, hard link file20 and file2 |
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| file2 exists, hard link file20 and file2 |
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