Term
| How does the RFID antenna-loop work |
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Definition
| Reader generates a field, this is used by the transponder to load it's condensator. |
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Term
| 2. What are the methods of people based RFID tagging (5) |
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Definition
• Access control and tracking and tracing of individuals
• Loyalty, membership and payment
• eHealth care
• Sport leisure and household
• Public services |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chip to be planted underneath human tissue for tracking purposes |
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Term
| 4. What are some privacy concerns for RFID (4) |
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Definition
• Worldwide unique IDs enable tracking
• Unnoticed remote reading without line-of-sight
• Tracking and profiling through sporadic surveillance
• Small hidden tags and readers |
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Term
| 5. What are the 6 stages of RFID operation? |
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Definition
• Reader broadcasts signal through antenna
• Tag receives signal and gets charged
• The charged tag sends identifying response back to the reader
• Antenna reads the data and sends to reader
• Reader sends data/info to computer for processing
• Computer sends event based data to be stored on tag |
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Term
| 6. What are the 3 major components of RFID systems |
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Definition
• The RFID tag (transceiver and receiver)
• The RFID Reader (transponder)
• The data processing subsystem |
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Term
| 7. What are the 2 stages of RFID interaction? |
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Definition
• RFID reader generates a field to activate the tag.
• The tag modulates the RF signal using transistor data, which sends data |
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Term
| 8. What are the 3 different RFID tag types? |
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Definition
• Passive
• Semipassive
• Active |
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Term
| 9. How do they each work? |
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Definition
• Passive – user the power transmitted from the reader for the microcontroller and for transmission
• Semi-passive – a battery is used for the microcontroller, the readers power is used for transmission
• Active – a battery is used to power microcontroller and transmission |
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Term
| 10. What are the 3 RFID storage types and how do they work? |
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Definition
• Read-write: tags data can be added or overwritten
• Read-only: cannot be added to or overwritten, they contain only the data that is stored in them when they were produced
• WORM (write once, read many) tags can have additional data added once, but they cannot be overwritten. |
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Term
| 11. What are 5 data transfer coding principles? |
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Definition
• Non Return to Zero (NRZ) – Signal 1 = “1”, signal 0 = “0”
• Return to Zero (RZ) - Return to zero = 1; signal 0 = “0”
• Manchester - Step from 1 to 0 = 1, step from 0 to 1 = 0
• Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) - Information is in the pulse width
• Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) - Pulse position marks “1” bit |
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Term
| 12. What are the 4 frequency bands? |
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Definition
• Low
• High
• Ultra High
• Microwave |
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Term
| 13. What does EPC stand for? |
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Definition
| Electronic Product Code standards |
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Term
| 14. What topics do EPCglobal and ISO have in common? |
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Definition
• Security and Privacy
• Data Format and Structure
• RFID Process and control and RFID Application access Layer
• Data Management
• Device Interface
• Device Management
• Air Interface |
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Term
| 15. What is “useless data” |
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Definition
| Error messages generated by a tag, or information generated by a tag responding to requests not made to it |
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Term
| 16. What are two methods for handling useless data and how do they work? |
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Definition
Smoothing – Ignoring temporary data inconsistencies to avoid generating meaningless events
Filtering – Reporting only on tags that match predefined data |
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Term
|
Definition
| Found between the tag and the central server, the middleware identifies services within a certain area to ensure that they’re available |
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Term
| 18. What are the three levels of EPC Tag Data? |
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Definition
Header
Filter Value
Domain Identifier |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When an RFID reader identifies a tag with a specific serial number from a number of tags in its area |
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Term
| 20. Singulation causes which problem? |
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Definition
| If multiple tags respond simultaneously to a query, they will interfere with each other. |
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Term
| 21. Explain “tree walking” |
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Definition
• Start by asking for the first bit of the required serial number
• Ask all respondents for the second bit
• Continue until finished |
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Term
| 22. What are some problems with Tree walking (2) |
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Definition
Considerable information leak
Can be blocked by RSA security blocker tags |
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Term
| 23. Explain two collision avoidance techniques |
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Definition
ALOHA protocol – Tags detect collisions that occurred and resend their messages after waiting a random interval. Less effective with more tags, too many may cause collapse / congestion. Works for around 200 tags per second
Slotted ALOHA – introduced discrete timeslots to reduce collisions |
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Term
|
Definition
• Class 5 – Readers. Can power classes 1 2 and 3, communicate with class 4, and with other class 5s wirelessly
• Class 4 – Active tags. Broadband peer to peer communication with other tags in the same frequency tag and with readers
• Class 3 – Semi passive RFID tags, supporting broadband
• Class 2 – passive tags including memory or encryption
• Class 1 / 0 – read only passive |
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Term
| 25. Two RFID authentication password types: |
|
Definition
Lock – to protect the tag from unauthorised writing
Kill – deletes important information on a tag |
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Term
| 26. 5 RFID attacks on confidentiality |
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Definition
• Eavesdropping
• Tracing/Tracking
• Skimming tag data
• Interrogation
• Decryption |
|
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Term
| 27. Tracking analyses for which 4 values: |
|
Definition
• Communication patterns
• Data
• Time
• Location |
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Term
| 28. Three rules for skimming: |
|
Definition
• 16 x power = 2 x distance
• Limited due to noise levels
• Practical limit around 20 x distance, using a proper antenna |
|
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Term
| 29. Data integrity of an RFID tag is vulnerable where (2) |
|
Definition
• Data stored on RFID tag
• Transmission signal of transceiver or responder may be duplicated or corrupted |
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Term
| 30. Two integrity attacks: |
|
Definition
• Spoofing – send duplicated / corrupted data to the reader
• Cloning – duplicating tags (data) |
|
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Term
| 31. How does spoofing operate (4) |
|
Definition
• Duplicate data and trx to reader
• Read and store UID and memory data from tag
• Emulate tag using UID and memory data
• Change memory data as desired |
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Term
| 32. What are three countermeasures against RFID attacks? |
|
Definition
• Authentication between tag and reader
• Encryption of the data transfer between tag and reader
• Proper key management – key generation, session keys, key updates |
|
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Term
| 33. Four availability attacks on RFIDs |
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Definition
• Shielding/absorption/detuning – mechanical disruption
• Jamming – using electro-magnetic signals
• Physical destruction
• Overload via DOS |
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Term
| 34. How does a blocker tag function? |
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Definition
| By sending both a 0 and a 1 bit simultaneously, forcing a collision and making the reader search the entire tree |
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Term
| 35. Are RFIDs susceptible to viruses? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 36. What are Zhang and King (2005)s RFID security evaluation guidelines? (3) |
|
Definition
• Is the modification of tag data protected by an authorisation function?
• Can an authorised party determine whether or not a tag still contains authentic tag information?
• Can an authorised party recognise between authorised and fake tags? |
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Term
| 37. Advantages of RFIDs (3): |
|
Definition
• Inventory efficiency
• Good ROI
• Damage resistant (vs barcode) |
|
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Term
| 38. Disadvantages of RFIDs (7): |
|
Definition
• Signal coverage
• Proximity issues – influence of metal and other materials
• Weak vs water and high magnetic fields
• Security concerns
• Ghost tags – reading of inexistent tags
• Unread tags – sometimes tags are overlooked
• High costs – still relatively expensive |
|
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Term
| 39. How can the ghost tag issue be resolved? |
|
Definition
| Using cyclic redundancy checks in generation 2 RFID tags |
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|
Term
| passive tags use what power |
|
Definition
| the power transmitted from the reader for the microcontroller and for transmission |
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|
Term
| semipassive tags use what power |
|
Definition
| battery is used for the microcontroller only. The energy received from the reader is used for the transmission. |
|
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Term
| what length are the rfid passwords now |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long did rfid passwords used to be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UHF - Tag -> Reader transmission power and distance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UHF - Reader -> Tag (range and power) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eavesdropping for a certain amount of time |
|
|
Term
| what do you analyse when tracking / tracing? |
|
Definition
communication patterns,
data,
time,
location. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits the comms by limiting / reducing the generated / received electro-magnetic fields |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many materials also absorb electromagnetic energy and convert it into heat |
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Term
|
Definition
| once a transponder is put together with an object the behavior of the antenna or coil will change because of the proximity of materials |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a reader asks for the next bit value it broadcasts both a 0 and a 1 bit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reader stealing a link and link 'over distance' to an emulator |
|
|
Term
| What's missing from ISO but is in EPC |
|
Definition
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