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| the war of Britain and Prussia, who emerged in the ascendant, against France and Austria, resulting from commercial and colonial rivalry between Britain and France and from the conflict in Germany between Prussia and Austria (1756-1763) |
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| A philossophical belief system in 18th century europe that claimed that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics |
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| Thomas Hobbes philosophized about the Nature of Man in the State of Nature. Hobbes believes that man in the State of Nature, in which there is no sovereign, would live like the beasts of the wild. (1588-1679) |
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| English political philosopher who argued that governments were created to protect life, liberty, and property and that the people had the right to rebel when a monarch violated these rights |
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| François-Marie Arouet, known as Voltaire was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher known for his wit and advocacy of civil liberties. (1694-1788) |
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| Lawyer who studied science and history in college, believed all things were made up of rules or laws that did not change. Believed in democracy, but did not think all were equal and approved of slavery |
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| French-Swiss intellectual asserted that the will of the people was sacred and that the legitimacy of monarchs depended on the consent of the people (1712-1778) |
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| he idea that a ruler should rule in such a way to efficiently better the lives of the people and state. Tended to allow religious freedom and basic rights and could have private property |
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| Empress of Russia who modeled herself after Peter the Great. Expanded the borders and encouraged modernization and westernization |
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| American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped negotiate French support for the American Revolution. Discovered electricity, 1706-1790 |
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| The Counter Enlightenment |
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| conservative movement sought to reserve the political, social, religious, and philosophical changes associated with the enlightenment. 18th-early 19th century |
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| A century long process of political and cultural transformations that in Europe and the Americas. |
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| A tax on all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, and nearly all printed material. Resented by colonists, 1765 |
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| Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799) |
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| Author of the inflammatory pamphlet "Common Sense". Propelled popular support for independence. |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| An affirmation of popular sovereignty and individual rights would influence the language of revolution and popular protest around the world |
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| Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution |
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| British defeat, convinced France to enter the war as an ally of the US in 1778. French military proved crucial supplying american forces and forcing the British to defend their colonies. |
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| Constitutional Convention |
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| Meeting in 1787 of the elected Representatives of the 13 original states to write the constitution of the United States. |
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| Undermined traditional monarchy and hereditary aristocracy as well as the power of the Catholic church but, did not create enduring representative institutions. |
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| The political and social system that existed in France before the Revolution of 1789. No longer exists |
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| French society was divided into 3, Church, Nobility, and then everyone else. Similar to the Caste system |
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| 22 when assumed throne in 1774. Faced a desparate fiscal situation compounded by the growing opposition of French Courts and disguised the growing debt with misleading financial accounts |
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| a customary consultive body representing the 3 estates that has not met since 1614. |
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| Called after 6 weeks of deadlock to signal its ambitions. |
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| a result of the growing discontent of the Third Estate in France in the face of King Louis XVI's desire to hold onto power. Moved into tennis court until called national assembly |
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| A medevil fortress used as a prison, attacked on July 14, 1789 |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen |
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| Passed because of the popular uprisings which strengthened the hand of the national assembly in its dealings with the king and led to the passage of this |
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| A symbol of extravagance and the queen, who was hunted down on October 5th by angry market women. |
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| The radical partisans of the lower classes; typically urban laborers. Though ill-clad and ill-equipped, they made up the bulk of the Revolutionary army during the early years of the French Revolutionary |
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| The new legislature of the French Republic. Most members were of the middle class |
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| Introduced as more of a humane way of execution, replaced hangings with beheading |
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| Radical republicans during the French Revolution |
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| Young provinicial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror |
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| Committee of Public Safety |
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| Created special courts to seek out and punish enimies of the Revolution. Started by Robespierre. |
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| Face with rebellion in the provinces and forign invasions, Robespierre and allies unleashed a power of repression. |
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| A physician, political theorist, and scientist best known for his career in France as a radical journalist and politician during the French Revolution |
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| Leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution and the first president of the Committee of Public Safety |
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| A new executive authority created by the Catholic Church |
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| General who overthrew the French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile |
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| A british writer, philospher, and advocate of British rights. Wrote treaties, novels, and a history of the French Revolution. Argues that women are not naturally inferior to men. |
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| Concordat of 1801, agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII that reestablished the Roman Catholic Church in France. |
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| denied and restricted many indevidual rights, such as free speech. No single European state could defeat the French Military. |
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| the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars, Berlin Decree |
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| A military conflict between France and the allied powers of Spain,[4] the United Kingdom, and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars |
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| A turning point during the Napoleonic Wars. It reduced the French and allied invasion forces (the Grande Armée) to a tiny fraction of their initial strength and triggered a major shift in European politics as it dramatically weakened French hegemony in Europe. |
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| June 18, 1815 near present day Belgium, The defeat at Waterloo ended Napoleans rule as Emperor of the French, marking the end of his Hundred Days return from exile. |
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| When events in France destablized the colonial regime in Saint Domingue and helped initiate the first successful slave rebellion. |
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| Present day Haiti, as well as a small French colony on the Western half of Hispanola |
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| Free men and women of color in Haiti. Sought greater political rights and later supported the Hatitan Revolution. |
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| Francois Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture |
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| A former domestic slave who create a disciplined military force. Swept aside local rivals, defeated a British expeditionary force and led an invasion of Santo Domingo |
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| Meeting of Representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napolean I. |
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| Leader of Austrian foriegn minister, believed that a strong and stable France had to be offset by a balance of power. |
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| The idea that national security is enhanced when military capabilities are distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others. |
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| the popular acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a régime. Whereas “authority” denotes a specific position in an established government, the term “legitimacy” denotes a system of government |
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| The alliance of Austria, Russia, and Prussia that used military force to defeat liberal revolutions. |
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| Te balance of power that existed in Europe from the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) to the outbreak of World War I (1914), albeit with major alterations after the revolutions of 1848 |
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| Began in Paris, wheere members of the middle class and workers united to overthrow the regime of Louis Phillipe and create the second French Republic. |
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| a brilliant military campaigner and organizer of Prussian armies. He became known as Frederick the Great (Friedrich der Große) and was nicknamed Der Alte Fritz ("Old Fritz"). |
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