Term
| The fluid, termed ___, which surrounds the hair cells is rich in potassium. This actively maintained ionic imbalance provides an ___ ___, which is used to trigger neural action potentials when the hair cells are moved. Tight junctions between hair cells and the nearby supporting cells form a barrier between endolymph and perilymph that maintains the ___ ___. |
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Definition
| endolymph; energy store; ionic imbalance |
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Term
| The tips of the hair cell are called ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Cilia emerge from the ___ surface of hair cells. These cilia increase in ___ along a consistent axis. There are tiny ___-___ connections from the tip of each cilium to a non-specific cation channel on the side of the taller neighboring cilium. The tip links function like a ___ connected to a ___ ___. When the cilia are bent toward the tallest one, the channels are ___, much like a trap door. Opening these channels allows an influx of ___, which in turns opens ___ channels that initiates the ___ ___. This mechanism transduces mechanical energy into ___ ___. An inward K+ current ___ the cell, and opens voltage-dependent ___ channels. This in turn causes neurotransmitter release at the ___ end of the hair cell, eliciting an action potential in the dendrites of the ___ cranial nerve. |
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Definition
| apical; length; thread-like; string; hinged hatch; opened; potassium; calcium; receptor potential; neural impulses; depolarizes; calcium; basal; VIIIth |
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Term
| The cochlea is a long coiled tube, with ___ channels divided by ___ thin membranes. The top tube is the ___ ___, which is connected to the ___ window. The bottom tube is the ___ ___, which is connected to the ___ window. The middle tube is the ___ ___, which contains the ___ __ ___. The Organ of Corti sits on the ___ membrane, which forms the division between the scala media and ___. |
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Definition
| three; two; scala vestibuli; oval; scala tympani; round; scala media; Organ of Corti; basilar; tympani |
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Term
| The three scalae (vestibuli, media, tympani) are cut in several places as they ___ around a central core. The cochlea makes ___ turns in the human (hence the 5 cuts in midline cross section). The tightly coiled shape gives the cochlea its name, which means ___ in Greek (as in conch shell). |
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Definition
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Term
| Sound waves cause the oval and round windows at the base of the cochlea to move in ___ directions. This causes the ___ ___ to be displaced and starts a ___ ___ that sweeps from the base toward the apex of the cochlea. The traveling wave increases in ___ as it moves, and reaches a peak at a place that is directly related to the ___ of the sound. |
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Definition
| opposite; basilar membrane; traveling wave; amplitude; frequency |
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Term
| The traveling wave causes the basilar membrane and hence the Organ of Corti to move ___ and ___. The organ of Corti has a central ___ buttress formed by paired pillar cells. Hair cells ___ from the top of the Organ of Corti. A ___ ___ is held in place by a hinge-like mechanism on the side of the Organ of Corti and floats above the hair cells. As the basilar and tectorial membranes move up and down with the traveling wave, the hinge mechanism causes the tectorial membrane to move ___ over the ___ ___. This lateral ___ motion ___ the cilia atop the hair cells, pulls on the fine ___ ___, and opens the trap-door ___. The influx of potassium and then calcium causes ___ release, which in turn causes an EPSP that initiates ___ ___ in the afferents of the ___ cranial nerve. Most of the ___ dendrites make synaptic contacts with the inner hair cells. |
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Definition
| up and down; stiffening; protrude; tectorial (roof) membrane; laterally; hair cells; shearing; bends; tip links; channels; neurotransmitter; action potentials; VIIIth; afferent |
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Term
| The auditory system changes a wide range of weak mechanical signals into a complex series of ___ signals in the central nervous system. Sound is a series of ___ changes in the air. Sounds often vary in ___ and ___ over time. |
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Definition
| electrical; pressure; frequency; intensity; |
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Term
| The ___ and ___ ___ ___ collect these sound waves, change them slightly, and direct them to the tympanic membrane. The resulting movements of the eardrum are transmitted through the three middle-ear ___ (malleus, incus and stapes) to the fluid of the inner ear. The footplate of the stapes fits tightly into the ___ window of the bony cochlea. The inner ear is filled with ___. Since fluid is incompressible, as the stapes moves in and out there needs to be a ___ movement in the ___ direction. Notice that the ___ window membrane, located beneath the oval window, moves in the opposite direction. |
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Definition
| pinna; external auditory meatus; ossicles; oval; fluid; compensatory; opposite; round |
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Term
| Because the tympanic membrane has a larger area than the stapes footplate there is a ___ amplification of the sound pressure. Also because the arm of the malleus to which the tympanic membrane is attached is longer than the arm of the ___ to which the stapes is attached, there is a slight amplification of the sound pressure by a ___ ___. These two ___ matching mechanisms effectively transmit air-born sound into the fluid of the inner ear. If the middle-ear apparatus (ear drum and ossicles) were absent, then sound reaching the oval and round windows would be largely ___ |
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Definition
| hydraulic; incus; lever action; impedance; reflected. |
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Term
| There are two types of hair cells, ___ and ___. There is ___ row of inner hair cells and ___ rows of outer hair cells. Most of the afferent dendrites synapse on ___ hair cells. Most of efferent axons synapse on the ___ hair cells. |
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Definition
| inner and outer; one; three; inner; outer |
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Term
| The ___ hair cells are active. They move in response to ___ and ___ the traveling wave. The outer hair cells also ___ sounds that can be detected in the ___ ___ ___ with sensitive microphones. These internally generated sounds, termed ___ ___, are now used to screen newborns for hearing loss |
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Definition
| outer; sound; amplify; produce; external auditory meatus; otoacoustic emissions |
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Term
| ___ percent of the VIIIth nerve afferents synapse on inner hair cells. Each inner hair cell makes synaptic connections with ___ ___. Each afferent connects to only ___ ___ hair cell. About ___ percent of the afferents synapse on outer hair cells. These afferents travel a considerable distance along the ___ ___ away from their ganglion cells to synapse on multiple outer hair cells. Less than ___ percent of the afferents synapse on multiple inner hair cells. |
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Definition
| Ninety-five; many afferents; one inner; five; basilar membrane; one |
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Term
| Physical characteristics of the basilar membrane cause different frequencies to reach maximum amplitudes at different ___. Much as on a piano, high frequencies are at one end and low frequencies at the other. High frequencies are transduced at the ___ of the cochlea whereas low frequencies are transduced at the ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| The cochlea codes the pitch of a sound by the place of maximal ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ear canal has a length of ___ cm and a diameter of ___ cm. It has the shape of a lazy __. The most medial part is a nearly ___ opening in the ___ ___, and the outer part is ___. The outer cartilaginous portion of the ear canal is also ___ but becomes more ___ shaped with age. In addition to changing its shape with age, the ___ of the ear canal often becomes smaller with age. and in avid swimmers may become very ___. |
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Definition
| 2.5; .6; s; circular; skull bone; cartilage; circular; oval; lumen; narrow |
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Term
| The ear canal is covered by skin that secrets ___ and it has ___ on its surface. There are no ___ glands. Since the skin is not ___ naturally as skin on other parts of the body, it must ___ ___ dead cells and cerumen. |
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Definition
| cerumen (wax); hairs; sweat; rubbed; self clean |
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Term
| Two types of cells contribute to secretion of cerumen, namely sebaceous cells, located close to the ___ ___, and ___ glands. The sebacious glands can't secrete ___ but form their secretion by ___ ___ of cells. Ceruminious glands produce a ___ substance and the sebaceous produce an ___ substance |
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Definition
| hair follicles; ceruminous; actively; passive breakdown; waxy; oily |
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Term
| There are 2 kinds of cerumen: ___ and ___. The cerumen is supposed to become ___ and ___ the ear canal. The secreted cerumen has a slight ___ and ___ property and it may act as an ___ ___ |
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Definition
| dry and wet; dry; leave; antibacterial; antifungal; insect repellant. |
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Term
| Dry cerumen is found mostly in people in the ___, including ___, while wet cerumen is found mostly in ___, ___, and ___. The kind of cerumen is ___ related and chromosome ___ has been identified as carrying the cerumen locus. |
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Definition
| Far East; Mongolians; Caucasians; Africans; Hispanics; genetically; 16 |
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Term
| The outer layer of the skin (___) in the ear canal, together with that of the tympanic membrane, migrates ___. This migration helps heal ___ ___ and moves ___ outward as well as transports ___ out of the ear canal. It has been suggested that failure in this migration of the epidermis may cause several kinds of pathologies, such as ___, and may play a role in causing ___ of the ear canal |
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Definition
| epidermis; outward; small injuries; scars; cerumen; cholesteatoma; inflammation |
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Term
| The ___ of the ear canal has an unusual nerve supply. Its sensory receptors are innervated by ___ different cranial nerves, namely the sensory portion of the ___ division of the ___ nerve, the ___ nerve, the ___ nerve, and the ___ branch of the ___ nerve, which supplies the ___ wall of the ear canal and the tympanic membrane. This nerve branch is part of ___ nerve, which also receives contributions from the glossopharyngeal nerve. |
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Definition
| skin; 4; mandibular; trigeminal; facial; glossopharyngeal; auricular; vagus; posterior; Arnold's |
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Term
| The innervation of the ear canal by the glossopharyngeal nerve explains why many people ___ when the skin of the inner part of the ear canal is touched. The innervation by the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve explains why mechanical stimulation of the ear canal can affect ___ ___ and ___ ___ and cause some people to ___ when the ear canal is cleaned for wax. |
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Definition
| cough; heart rate; blood circulation; faint |
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Term
| The skin around the outer ear is innervated by 2 nerves, the ___ nerve and the ___ ___ ___. This has practical importance because the C2 root connects to cells in the ___ ___ ___ that send axons to the ___ CN, which is involved in some forms of ___. |
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Definition
| trigeminal; second spinal root (C2); dorsal column nuclei; dorsal; tinnitus |
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Term
| The ME consists of the ___ ___ that terminates the ear canal and three small bones (ossicles): ___, ___, and ___ |
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Definition
| tympanic membrane; malleus, incus, and stapes; |
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Term
| Two small muscles, the ___ ___ and the ___ muscle are also located in the middle ear. |
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Definition
| tensor tympani; stapedius |
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Term
| The stapedius is contained in an osseous cavity called the ___ ___. The muscle has a ___ role, by contracting at high intensities of some frequencies (70+ dB around 500-2000 Hz). The tensor tympani contracts to pull open the ___ ___ upon swallowing, chewing, etc. Nervous structures include a branch of the facial nerve called the ___ ___ running through the space, down the auditory tube, to the anterior ___ of the tongue. The ___ ___ artery runs through the middle ear space along the chorda tympani. On the inferior floor of the ME space is the ___ ___, the opening at which the jugular vein runs |
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Definition
| spiral eminence; protective; Eustachian tube; chorda tympani; 2/3; posterior tympanic; jugular fossa |
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Term
| The middle ear is located in the ___ ___ region of the temporal bone of the skull. It is located ___ on the skull, and ___ to the auricle on the head. The middle ear space can be described via the ___ (attic of the ME space), ___, and the ___ (toward the direction of the Eustachian tube and face). |
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Definition
| pars tympanica; inferiorly; medial; epitympanum; mesotympanum; hypotympanum |
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Term
| The manubrium of the malleus is embedded in the ___ ___ and the head of the malleus is connected to the ___ which in turn connects to the ___, the footplate of which is located in the ___ window of the cochlea. The ___ ___ is a branch of the facial nerve that travels across the ME cavity. It carries ___ fibers and probably also ___ fibers. The ET connects the ME to the ___ and thereby keeps the ___ ___ in the ME the same as the ambient pressure |
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Definition
| tympanic membrane; incus; stapes; oval; chorda tympani; taste; pain; pharynx; air pressure |
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Term
| The TM is a slightly ___, thin membrane that terminates the ___ ___. It is ___ shaped, with an altitude of 2 mm with apex pointed inward. Seen from the ear canal, the membrane is slightly ___ and is suspended by a ___ ___. |
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Definition
| oval; ear canal; cone; concave; bony ring |
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Term
| The main part of the TM, the pars tensa is composed of ___ and ___ fibers overlaying each other. These fibers are composed of ___ and provide a lightweight stiff membrane that is ideal for converting sound into ___ of the malleus. A smaller part of the tympanic membrane, the ___ ___, located above the manubrium of the malleus, is ___ than the pars tensa and its fibers are not arranged as ___ as the collagen fibers of the pars tensa. The TM is covered by a layer of ___ cells, continuous with the skin in the ear canal. This outer layer of the TM migrates from its center ___ and this moves small ___ and ___ and transports small foreign bodies out into the ear canal. Small holes in the TM usually heal ___. |
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Definition
| radial; circular; collagen; vibrations; pars flaccida; thicker; orderly; epidermal; outward; injuries; scars; spontaneously |
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Term
| The tensor tympani muscle extends between the ___ and the ___ of the middle ear cavity near the entrance to the eustachian tube. When contracting, it pulls the manubrium of the malleus ___, displacing the TM ___ and ___ the membrane. The stapedius is the smallest striate muscle of the body. It is attached to the head of the ___ and most of the muscle is located in a ___ ___. It pulls the stapes in a direction that is ___ to its prison-like motion, tilting the stapes so that it rotates around its posterior ___. The tensor tympani is innervated by the ___ nerve and the ___ is innervated by the facial nerve. |
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Definition
| malleus; wall; inward; inward; stretching; stapes; bony canal; perpendicular; ligament; trigeminal; stapedius |
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Term
| The ET consists of a ___ ___ (the protympanum) that is located close to the ME and a ___ part that forms a closed slit where it terminates in the nasopharynx. The optimal function of the ME depends on keeping the air pressure in the ME close to the ___ pressure. This is accomplished by briefly ___ the ET. |
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Definition
| bony part; cartilaginous; ambient; opening |
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Term
| The cartilaginous part of the ET forms a valve that ___ the ME off from pressure ___ in the pharynx, such as occurs during breathing, and it decreases transmission of a person's voice to the ME. The mucosa inside the ET is rich in cells that produce ___ and has cilia that propel mucus from the ___ ___ to the ___. The slit-shaped cartilaginous part of the ET allows transport of material from the ___ ___ to the ___, but no the other way. |
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Definition
| closes; fluctuations; mucus; ME; nasopharynx; ME; nasopharynx |
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Term
| The most common way the eustachian tube opens is by contraction of the ___ ___ ___, which is located in the pharynx and innervated by the motor portion of the ___ nerve. This muscle contracts naturally when ___ and ___. The ET can also be opened by ___ air pressure in the ME but not ___ air pressure. |
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Definition
| tensor veli palatini; trigeminal; swallowing; yawning; positive; negative |
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Term
| The cochlea is a snail-shaped bony structure that contains the sensory ___ of ___. The cochlea, together with the vestibular organ, is totally enclosed in the ___ ___, which is one of the hardest bones in the entire body. Together, the cochlea and the vestibular organs are often referred to as the ___. |
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Definition
| organ of hearing; temporal bone; labyrinth |
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Term
| The iconic composition of the fluid in the scala media is similar to that of ___ fluid, and thus rich in ___ and low in ___, while the fluid in the scala vestibuli and scala tympani is similar to that of ___ fluid, such as cerebrospinal fluid, and thus rich in ___ and poor in ___. |
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Definition
| intracellular; potassium; sodium; extracellular; sodium; potassium |
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Term
| The scala media narrows toward the ___ of the cochlea, ending just short of the apical termination of the bony labyrinth. An opening near the apical termination of the bony labyrinth, called the ___, allows communication between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani. |
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Definition
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Term
| The basilar membrane separates sounds according to their ___. The organ of corti, located along the ___ membrane, contains the ___ cells that transform the vibration of the basilar membrane into a ___ code. |
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Definition
| frequency (spectrum); basilar; sensory cells (hair cells); neural |
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Term
| ___ refers to any cavity based on its shape and size will vibrate most efficiently in a specific frequency range stimulated by sound |
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Definition
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Term
Resonance:
-You get effective gain when sound originates on ___ ___ of the head
-You get a little bit of gain from your head being on ___ of your ___ because it reflect sound to your ears
-There isn't a ___ difference between children and adults pertaining to resonance |
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Definition
| one side; top of shoulders; huge |
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Term
Resonance:
-Flange: ___ Hz, __ dB gain
-Meatus: ___ Hz, __ dB gain
-Concha: ___ Hz, __ dB gain |
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Definition
| 4000; 2; 3000; 10; 5000; 9 |
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Term
ME Resonance:
-Outer Ear Resonance: ___-___ dB of gain; ___-___ Hz; smaller cavities have a ___ frequency resonance and larger cavities have a ___ frequency resonance
-1500 Hz adds __-__ dB
-Lose __ dB of hearing when the ossicles are impeded due to the change from air to fluid
-Based on the ___ of the cavity
-Relatively ___ |
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Definition
| 10-15; 1500-7000; higher; lower; 1-2; 60; size; minor |
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Term
Extrinsic Muscles of the Pinna:
-Auricularis ___-Draws the auricle anteriorly and superiorly
-Auricularis ___-Elevates the auricle
-Auricularis ___-Draws the auricle posteriorly (backward) |
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Definition
| anterior; superior; posterior |
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Term
Intrinsic Muscles of the Pinna:
-Helicis ___-Adjusts the shape of the auricle by depressing the anterior margin of the ear cartilage
-Helicis ___-Assist in adjusting the shape of the anterior margin of the ear cartilage.
-___-Tenses the tragus of the auricular cartilage to help increase the opening into the external acoustic meatus.
-___-Adjusts the shape of the auricle by pulling the antitragus and tail of the helix towards each other, helping to increase the opening into the external acoustic meatus
-___ ___-Help flatten the cranial profile of the auricular cartilage (back of the ear)
-___ ___-Help flatten the cranial profile of the auricular cartilage |
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Definition
| major; minor; Tragicus; Antitragicus; Transversus auriculae; Obliquus auriculae |
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Term
| Explain the difference between an extrinsic muscle and an intrinsic muscle. |
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Definition
-Extrinsic muscles-muscles on the outside part of the outer ear; one point of attachment outside of the ear
-Intrinsic-inside the outer ear; attachment inside of the air |
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Term
External Auditory Meatus:
-No ___ ___ in the inner ear; Hair only grows in the first ___ of the ear canal; Earwax doesn't naturally move ___; the hairs are angled ___
-Resonant-10 db at ___ Hz
-outer 1/3=___ and the inner ___ is bony |
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Definition
| hair follicles; 1/3; inward; outward; 2500; cartilaginous; 2/3 |
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Term
-Cerumen-latin word for ___; wax sticks to ___ materials in it's vicinity; __% carotin __% fatty acids and alcohols, __-__% cholesterol, and the rest is miscellaneous
-ear wax contains long-chain ___ ___, both unsaturated and saturated, as well as ___, squalene, and ___.
-Ear wax absorbs the ___ ___ cells and ___, preventing them from being pulled deeper into the ear canal. Essentially, it’s your ear’s ___ ___ of ___!
-It prevents bacteria, germs, and dirt from getting into your sensitive ___ ___. The waxy substance ___ and essentially ___ the bacteria and germs that breed in your ear canals. Ear wax prevents them from ___ out of control, preventing infections in your ear.
-It collects ___ and slows ___ growth.The sticky ear wax traps the dirt that blows into your open ___ ___. That way, the sensitive skin of your ear canal is safe from ___ and possible ___
-It prevents ___ and ___ from creeping in. |
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Definition
| wax; solid; 60; 15; 5-10; fatty acids; cholesterol; alcohols; dead skin; debris; last line of defense; inner ear; traps; suffocates; spreading; dirt; bacteria; ear canal; irritation; infection; bugs; insects |
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Term
| The temporal bone is located at the ___ sides of the skull and directly underneath the ___. It consists of four separate pieces: the ___ part, ___ portion, ___ portion, and the ___ ___ |
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Definition
| lower; temple; tympanic; petrous; mastoid; squama temporalis |
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Term
-___ ___-Latin word for scale; smooth, convex, and thin; semi translucent at it's borders; forms the front and upper part of the temporal bone
-___ ___-the back part of the temporal bone; Latin word for breast; resembles a breast; rough texture because it's perforated by air cells (aerated). Conical in shape; larger in males; Services as an attachment for some of the muscles in the head and neck
-Pars petrosa-Latin word means ___; solid ___ (not fractured very often; protects those ___ ear organs; is ___-shaped and is wedged in at the ___ of the skull between the sphenoidand occipital bones. The petrous portion is among the most ___ elements of the skull and forms part of the endocranium; one of the ___ bones in the body
-Processus styloideus-Long thin ___ at inferior temporal bone; ___ and pointed; attachment for a few muscles like the ___ muscles; jaw muscles
-Pars tympanica-___ portion of the temporal bone, forming the greater part of the wall of the ___ ___ ___; is a ___ plate of bone lying below the ___ part of the frontal bone, in front of the ___ process, and surrounding the ___ part of the ear canal |
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Definition
| Squama temporalis; Pars mastoidea; rocky; bone; inner; pyramid; base; basal; densest; projection; slender; mandible; Tympanic; external acoustic meatus; curved; squamous; mastoid; external |
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Term
| Depending on where the source is located, our ___ acts as a barrier to change the timbre, intensity, and spectral qualities of the sound, helping the brain ___ where the sound emanated from. These minute differences between the two ears are known as ___ ___. |
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Definition
| head; orient; interaural cues |
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Term
| ___ frequencies, with longer wavelengths, diffract the sound around the head forcing the brain to focus only on the phasing cues from the source |
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Definition
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Term
| In its essential construction the pinna of the human ear consists of a funnel to ___ the sound and as a ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Since each ear lies on an opposite side of the head, a sound reaches the closest ear first, and the sound's amplitude will be ___ (and therefore ___) in that ear. Much of the brain's ability to localize sound depends on these ___ differences in sound intensity and timing. ___ neurons can resolve time differences as small as ten milliseconds, or approximately the time it takes for sound to pass one ear and reach the other. |
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Definition
| larger; louder; interaural (between-the-ears); Bushy |
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Term
| The head itself acts as a ___ ___ between the two ears and thus a sound source at one side will produce a more ___ stimulus of the ear nearest to it and incidentally the sound will also arrive there ___, thus helping to provide a mechanism for sound localization based on ___ and ___ of arrival differences of sound. ___ frequency hearing is more necessary than low frequency hearing for this purpose and this explains why sound localization becomes ___ with a high frequency hearing loss. The head in humans is ___ in comparison to the size of the pinna so the role of the pinna is less than in some other mammals. Nonetheless, its crinkled shape catches ___ frequency sounds and ___ them into the ear canal. It also blocks some higher frequency sound from ___, helping to identify whether the sound comes from the ___ or the ___. |
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Definition
| natural barrier; intense; sooner; intensity; time; High; difficult; large; higher; funnels; behind; front or the back |
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Term
-The ear canal acts as a resonating tube and actually ___ sounds at between ___ and ___ Hz adding to the sensitivity (and susceptibility to damage) of the ear at these frequencies.
-The ear is very sensitive and responds to sounds of very ___ intensity, to vibrations which are hardly greater than the natural random movement of molecules of air. To do this the air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane must be ___. The ___ ___ provides the means of the pressure equalization. It does this by ___ for short periods, with every 3rd or 4th ___; if it were open all the time one would hear one's own every ___ |
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Definition
| amplifies; 3000; 4,000; low; equal; Eustachian tube; opening; swallow; breath |
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Term
-The head acts as a ___ for the ear this is turned away from the sound source which decreases the ___ of the sound that reaches the ear
-The head acts as a ___ for the ear turned toward the sound source which increases the sound intensity at that ear
-This means that the effect of the head on the transfer of sound to the entrance of the ear canal depends on both the ___ to the sound source and the ___ of the sounds
-In the frequency range between ___ and ___ kHz, the amplification of sounds by the head and the pinna varies from __-__ dB, depending on the angle to the sound source in the horizontal plane
-Sound is amplified differently depending on ___ and ___ of the head |
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Definition
| shield; intensity; baffle; angle (azimuth); frequency; 2.5 and 4; 8-21; size; shape |
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Term
| The pinna plays an important role in that the effect of elevation on the sound that reaches the two ears is greatest about __ kHz |
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Definition
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Term
-The sound delivered to the ear by earphones is not affected by the ___ __- of the head. This means that the ___ ___ of the head, pinna, and ear canal is not effective when the earphones are used. This is one of the reasons why music and speech sound different when listening through ordinary earphones compared with listening in a free sound field
-Your head may reflect or absorb sound, but very little-___ ___ |
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Definition
| acoustic properties; spectral filter; intra-aural attenuation |
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Term
The head is important in elevation:
-we make use of how the sound is ___ off the pinna in order to determine where the sound is coming from, whether the sound is above or below us
-___ is important to determine elevation |
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Definition
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Term
Different mechanisms of protection afforded by the outer ear structures:
-The outer ear protects the ___ ___
-Cerumen helps protect the ear by preventing ___ ___ from entering into the ear.
-Hair follicles are helpful because they are angled ___ so things can't travel into your ___ ___ easily
-The __ shape of the ear canal makes it harder for foreign objects to get farther into the ear
-The hard ___ __- helps protect the inner ear |
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Definition
| TM; foreign objects; outward; ear canal; S; temporal bone |
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Term
Layers of TM:
-Outer epithelial layer (Epidermis), which is continuous with the skin lining the ___
-migrates from its center ___ and this moves small ___ and ___ and transports small ___ ___ out into the ear canal. Small holes in TM usually heal ___ |
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Definition
| meatus; outward; injuries; scars; foreign bodies; spontaneously |
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Term
Layers of the TM:
-___ ___ layer, which is continuous with the mucosa of the middle ear
-Middle fibrous layer-It contains ___ fibers and has a well marked orientation in ___. The outer or lateral fibers are ___ in orientation. Then comes the ___ layer, ___ layer, and tranfers fiber layer. In parseflaccida, the lamina propria is less ___ and the collagen fibers are arranged in a ___ manner and so it is flaccid. It encloses the handle of ___. |
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Definition
| Inner mucosal; collagen; parstensa; radial; circular; parabolic; marked; random; malleus |
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Term
-The main part of the TM is the ___ ___. It is composed of ___ and ___ fibers overlaying each other. These fibers are composed of ___ and provide a lightweight stiff membrane that is ideal for converting sound into ___ of the malleus.
-A smaller part of the TM, the pars flaccid, located above the manubrium of the malleus, is ___ than the pars tense and its fibers are not arranged as ___ as the collagen fibers of the pars tensa. |
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Definition
| pars tensa; radial; circular; collagen; vibrations; thicker; orderly |
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Term
| The middle ear is located in the ___ ___ region of the temporal bone of the skull. It is located ___ on the skull, and ___ to the auricle on the head |
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Definition
| pars tympanica; inferiorly; medial |
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Term
| The ossicles are held in place by __ ligaments. 3 attach at head of ___, ___ at head of incus, and fifth at ___ ___ of stapes. |
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Definition
| 5; malleus; one; annular ligament |
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