Term
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Definition
Engages students in civic and community life & how it connects with business
See why such conditions exist; helps define our democratic responsibilities as individuals and business citizens
Exercises reflection, critical thinking and problem-solving/decision-making skills
Relates theory & concepts to real-life situations
Fosters a sense of caring for others |
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Term
| purpose of service learning |
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Definition
| we develop processes that help us, while doing service to |
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Term
| three primary components of service learning |
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Definition
Service Activity
Reflections
Assessment |
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Term
| reflections in service learning (6) |
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Definition
Promotes intellectual, ethical and personal growth
Grounded in your journals
Provides access to your own insights
Helps your team work through the process
Helps the class expand their own experiences
Thrust: Go beyond the particulars of the service project or the people with whom you work to the public dimension of the work |
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Term
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Definition
Continuous: learning is on-going through each event or experience; reflection occurs before, during and after the experience.
Connected: demonstrates links between service and
intellectual and academic interests resulting in the synthesis action and thought.
Challenging: interventions that engages you in issues in a broader, more
critical way and pushes you to think in new ways.
Contextualized: SL, although it takes place in a non-profit/government sector, reflection correspond meaningfully to the topics and experiences that form responsible leadership |
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Term
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Definition
Course-Related Reflections
Organizationally based reflections
Societal linked reflections
Career-based reflections
Personal growth reflections |
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Term
| goals of a non profit (2) |
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Definition
Social Oriented: health, human services, the environment,
Focuses on soliciting capital and human resources to operate. |
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Term
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Definition
Make a profit for the investors (stock increases; dividends)
Other goals may include:
Increase in output: product, sales
Increase in market share, penetration
Increase in customer satisfaction, retention, etc.
Maintain or enhance human resources |
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Term
| definitions of a business |
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Definition
C" Corporation: A corporation whose shares are held by shareholders and may be publicly traded.
General Partnership: A partnership in which each partner is liable for all partnership debts and obligations regardless of the amount of the individual partner's capital contribution
Joint Venture: A cooperative business agreement or partnership between two or more parties that is usually limited to a single enterprise and that involves the sharing of resources, control, profits, and losses.
Limited Liability Company: An unincorporated company formed under applicable state statute whose members cannot be held liable for the acts, debts, or obligations of the company and that may elect to be taxed as a partnership.
Limited Partnership: A partnership in which the business is managed by one or more general partners and is provided with capital by limited partners who do not participate in management but who share in profits and whose individual liability is limited to the amount of their respective capital contributions. .
"S" Corporation: A corporation with a limited number of shareholders that is treated as a partnership for tax purposes.
Sole Proprietorship: A business owned and controlled by one person who is solely responsible for its obligations. |
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Term
| definitions of a non profit |
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Definition
As applied to any private entity, no part of the net earnings of such entity accrues or may lawfully accrue to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual. bhpr.hrsa.gov/diversity/definitions.htm
May refer to an organization or the entire sector. Non-profit means not conducted or maintained for the purpose of making a profit. Instead, it operates to serve a public good. Any net earnings by a non-profit organization are used by the organization for the purposes of which it was established. As an entire sector, non-profits include hospitals, universities, trade organizations, voluntary associations and religious organizations. envision.ca/templates/profile.asp
An organization that operates in a not-for-profit manner and are classified under the tax code as 501(c)(3). Palm Beach County public schools are non-profit, tax exempt entities. |
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Term
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Definition
| stakeholders, economic environment, primary and secondary stakeholders, demographics, legal, political, good and wrong for all |
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Term
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Definition
| Speak the truth; hold people accountable |
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Term
| why dont people act when they see business misbehaviors? (11) |
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Definition
Personal: Ethical Traps
Role Conflicts
Don’t think of stakeholders
Group Think:”
Fear
Don’t know what to do
Belief in Inherent Morality
Collective rationalization
Illusion of unanimity
Won’t make a difference.
dont know their own boundaries |
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Term
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Definition
| A process that “reveals, tests and shapes.” |
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Term
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Definition
| The obligation of power-holders to account for or take responsibility for their actions in both their conduct (by obeying the rules and not abuse their power) and their performance (by serving the stakeholders in an efficient, effective, and fair manner) |
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Term
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Definition
| implies holding a specific office or trust |
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Term
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Definition
| imminence of retribution for unfilled trust or a violated obligation - results |
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Term
| accountable vs. responsible |
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Definition
responsible is before the fact responsibility, accountability is after the fact
responsible is i centered, accountable is others centered |
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Term
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Definition
Two or more deeply or significantly held values come into conflict.
Real alternatives exist that are equality justifiable, and/or
There are significant consequences to some/all “stakeholders” in the situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| when one’s personal values are in conflict with one’s job’s expectations, team’s objectives and organizational directives |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| What I’m doing is not really illegal. |
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Term
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Definition
| My behavior really is in everyone’s best interests. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nobody will ever find out what I’ve done. |
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Term
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Definition
| I have gone this far so I might as well continue |
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Term
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Definition
| The ends justify the means. |
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Term
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Definition
| The system is not fair to begin with |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| My personal feeling, values override anything else. |
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Term
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Definition
| My boss who I believe in tells me to do it |
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Term
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Definition
| If we don’t do it, someone else will. |
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Term
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Definition
| That’s the way it has always been done |
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Term
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Definition
| It really doesn’t hurt anyone. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| People have done far worse |
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Term
| rational decision making (7) |
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Definition
identify problem or opportunity
gathering information
analyze the situation
develop options
evaluate options
select a preferred alternative
act on the decision |
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Term
| defining moments (3 types) |
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Definition
Personal identity – who am I?
Persons’/Teams’ in organization identity – Who are we?
Organization’s role in society – Who is this organization |
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Term
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Definition
| Financially invests in a business (“property”); takes risks |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals or groups who have (or BELIEVE) they have) a stake in any sector of the organization’s environment |
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Term
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Definition
Interest e.g.. Political; technological; moral
Rights; legal; contractual
Ownership in some fashion |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals or groups who have (or BELIEVE) they have) a stake in any sector of the organization’s environment |
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Term
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Definition
Interest e.g.. Political; technological; moral
Rights; legal; contractual
Ownership in some fashion |
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Term
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Definition
| owners, customers, employees, suppliers, stockholders, and board of directors. They have a direct stake in the organization and its success (normative or legitimate stakeholders) |
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Term
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Definition
| other interest groups: media, consumers, lobbyists, government, competitors, the public, society. They have a public or special interest stake in the organization (derivative stakeholders). |
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Term
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Definition
Core: essential to the survival to the firm
Strategic: vital to the organization
Environmental: all others in the organization’s environment |
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Term
| typology of stakeholder attributes (3) |
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Definition
Legitimacy: Perceived validity of the stakeholder’s claim to a stake
Power: Ability or capacity of a stakeholder to produce an effect
Urgency: Degree to which the stakeholder’s claim demands immediate attention |
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Term
| stakeholder analysis model (9) |
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Definition
Mapping stakeholder relationships
Mapping stakeholder coalitions
Assessing the nature of each stakeholder’s interest
Assessing the nature of each stakeholder’s power
Constructing a matrix of stakeholder’s moral responsibilities
Developing specific strategies and tactics
Monitoring shifting coalitions
Goal: Create a win-win set of outcomes
Ethical Reasoning:
What is a equitable, just, fair, and good outcome for those who affect and are affected by business decisions? |
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Term
| stakeholder challenges and opportunities (4) |
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Definition
Should we deal directly or indirectly with stakeholders?
Should we take the offense or the defense in dealing with stakeholders?
Should we accommodate, negotiate, manipulate or resist stakeholder overtures?
Should we employ a combination of the above strategies or pursue a single course of action? |
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Term
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Definition
| Knowledge of personal, professional. organizational and citizenship values are a basic credible compass to inform decision-making and empower employees as they encounter ethical dilemmas |
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Term
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Definition
Integrity is congruence between what you
– believe: VALUE
– know
– say
– do |
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Term
| additional stakeholder questions (4) |
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Definition
• What principles, values and policies (PVP) are we committed to so that stakeholders can count on our support and our actions?
Are there principles, values and policies that underlie all our stakeholder relationships?
What are the major tradeoffs that we make in managing our stakeholder relationships?
What are we doing to improve these tradeoffs? |
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Term
| how is culture passed along |
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Definition
Artifacts -- readily identifiable “clues;” can observe them
Values -- deeply-held beliefs about how people should behave, or goals to be achieved (treating others, ethics, mission); can be verbalized (and thus observed)
Assumptions -- commonly-held beliefs about the way things are done (pace, communications); hard to verbalize and observe (need to experience) |
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Term
| what influences ethics behavior at work? |
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Definition
| individual factors, organizational factors, top management, ethics codes and policies |
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Term
| more manager vs moral person |
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Definition
| a moral manager must set an example for others |
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Term
| manager with :strong moral leader, and is a strong moral person |
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Definition
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Term
| manager with: weak morals and is a strong moral leader |
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Definition
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Term
| manager with: weak morals and is a weak moral leader |
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Definition
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Term
| manager with strong morals and weak moral leader |
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Definition
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Term
| attributes of a corporation (10) |
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Definition
Separates ownership from a management
Provides limited liability for the shareholders to the amount they invested in the firm
Can be immortal; succession planning
Can hold property
Can contract debts and duties
Can enjoy a variety of civil and political rights
Focus is profit maximization in a free market economy. Friedman has soften his stance by saying: the goal of management is to “make as much money as possible while conforming to the basic rules of society, both those embodied in the law and those embodied in ethical customs.”
But, businesses are not perceived as equipped to handle social responsibilities. Social responsibility endeavors that have come about are due to laws; minimal government intervention is desired. |
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Term
| what is corporate responsibility (3) |
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Definition
Richard DeGeorge: Refera to either moral or non-moral obligations
Marvin Brown: Corporate responsibility includes moral responsibilities for individuals and the natural environment as well as for society.”
Joseph Weiss: Businesses should also be responsible to stakeholders |
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Term
| corporate social responsibility (2) |
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Definition
The impact of a company’s actions on society
Requires a manager to consider his acts in terms of a whole social system, and holds him responsible for the effects of his acts anywhere in that system |
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Term
| corporate citizen concepts (3) |
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Definition
Corporate social responsibility – emphasizes obligation and accountability to society
Corporate social responsiveness – emphasizes action, activity
Corporate social performance – emphasizes outcomes, results |
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Term
| historical perspective on corporate social responsibility (3) |
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Definition
Economic model – the invisible hand of the marketplace protected societal interest –
Legal model – laws protected societal interests
Modified the economic model – 1950s - meaning broadened to include additional components |
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Term
| evolving viewpoints of corporate social responsibility (3) |
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Definition
CSR considers the impact of the company’s actions on society (Bauer)
CSR requires decision makers to take actions that protect and improve the welfare of society as a whole along with their own interests (Davis and Blomstrom)
CSR mandates that the corporation has not only economic and legal obligations, but also certain responsibilities to society that extend beyond these obligations |
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Term
| carroll's definition of corporate social responsibility (4) |
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Definition
Economic Required Be profitable. Maximize sales, minimize costs, etc.
Legal Required Obey laws and regulations.
Ethical Expected Do what is right, fair and just.
Discretionary
(Philanthropic) Desired/
Expected Be a good corporate citizen. |
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Term
| arguments against corporate social responsibility (7) |
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Definition
Restricts the free market goal of profit maximization
Business not equipped to handle social activities
Dilutes the primary aim of business
Increases business power
Limits the ability to compete in the global marketplace
Increases costs; decreases profit
Increases role of government |
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Term
| arguments for corporate social responsibility (8) |
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Definition
Addresses social issues business causes and allows business to be part of the solution
Protects business self interest
Limits future government intervention
Addresses issues by using business resources and expertise
Addresses issues by being pro-active
Reduces fines
Increases Brand Image and Reputation
Increases employee loyalty and commitment
May increase customer loyalty |
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Term
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Definition
| Compliance = Letter of the Law |
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Term
| why business ethics is important (14) |
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Definition
Risk Mitigation
Human Capital
Market Development
Board Development
Third Party Relationships
Shareholder/Investment Community
Industry Competition
Positive Reinforcement
Financial Impact
Environmental Impact
Community Well-Being
Far-reaching and Complex Supply Chains
Employee/Family Health
Shareholder Value |
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Term
| ethics compliance issues (6) |
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Definition
Fines are “Cost of Doing Business”
Different Regulations and Enforcement Priorities across Borders
Green-Washing
Window Dressing: Int’l Anti-Corruption Conferences
Shareholder Value Concept (“At All Costs”)
Cross-Cultural Differences |
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Term
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Definition
Consumers place a strong link between perception of ethics and perception of product value
Consumers shown to pay more for products created ethically
Consumer demand increasing for ethically certified products |
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Term
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Definition
Open communications in the work environment
Comprehensive reporting, hotline and/or whistleblower system
Accurate financial statements
Third party audit and/or verification |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| examples of ethical behavior in companies |
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Definition
Starbucks
Taking care of employees
Supporting projects in developing world
UPS/Fedex or Coke/Pepsi
Ethics can come from fierce competition
Whole Foods
Promoting healthy lifestyles and sustainable farming
offering quality natural and organic products to consumers
Best Buy
Substantial effort toward purchasing renewable energy
Target
Donates 5 percent of pre-tax operating profit to charity
Fluor
Standout company in an otherwise notorious industry
Strong anti-corruption efforts
Marriott International
Reducing environmental impact of business operations
Making environmental conservation core aspect of its strategy
Salesforce.com
Salesforce.com Foundation, and its 1/1/1 strategy (time/product/equity) |
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Term
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Definition
| expectations a problem-solver brings to a solution |
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Term
| elements of moral judgment (6) |
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Definition
Moral imagination
Moral identification and ordering
Moral evaluation
Tolerance of moral disagreement and ambiguity
Integration of managerial and moral competence
A sense of moral obligation |
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Term
| 3 models of management ethics |
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Definition
Immoral Management—A style devoid of ethical principles and active opposition to what is ethical.
Moral Management—Conforms to high standards of ethical behavior.
Amoral Management
Intentional - does not consider ethical factors
Unintentional - casual or careless about ethical considerations in business |
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Term
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Definition
Should not mix business and ethics since different rules apply to
Business activities
Other realms of life
Don’t factor ethical considerations into own actions since business activity lies outside sphere of moral judgment
View ethics as inappropriate for tough, competitive business world
Concept of right and wrong is lawyer-driven (what can we get by with without running afoul of the law) |
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Term
| unintentionally amoral (3) |
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Definition
Is blind to or casual about ethics of decision-making and business actions
Displays lack of concern regarding whether ethics applies to company actions
Sees self as well-intentioned or personally ethical |
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Term
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Definition
| you know better but act against rules anyway |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 4 parts of moral imagination |
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Definition
Must disengage oneself from one’s role, situation for context
Become aware of the kind of scheme one has adopted and/or is operating in a particular kind of context
Creatively envision new possibilities, possibilities for fresh ways to frame experiences and new solutions to present dilemmas
Evaluate the old context, the scope or range of the conceptual schemas at work, and new possibilities |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability even to see clearly ethical issues when they arise. |
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Term
| moral trap of culture identification |
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Definition
Becoming/identifying so close to your business and culture that
we fail to recognize or ask moral questions. |
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Term
| ethical trap of moral muteness |
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Definition
| Unwillingness of practitioners to acknowledge and discuss ethical problems personally or organizationally – |
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Term
| examples of moral muteness |
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Definition
Ethics is bad business at times
ethics is a conservative constraint |
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Term
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Definition
| The organization is always right |
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Term
| 2 different sets of standards moral trap |
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Definition
| Separate one’s work life from one’s personal life and convictions |
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Term
| please aholic vs trusted employee |
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Definition
| an eye towards constructive advice that may be critical at times |
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Term
| techniques to avoiding moral muteness and myopia |
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Definition
| recognition, communication, saying no |
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Term
| 10 levers to help ethical decision makers |
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Definition
Frame the situation in the long run vs. the short to the organization
2. Consider the organization’s wider purpose
3. Point out the costs, tangible and intangible to stakeholders
4. Point out “addictive” schemas
5. Consider what “responsible” stakeholder management entails
6 Position yourself as a trusted employee of continuous positive change
7. Provide actionable alternatives and impact
8. Find allies
9. Use persuasive argument
10. Know when to draw the line |
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Term
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Definition
Ethical philosophy differs from the sciences because it is normative or prescriptive, rather than descriptive.
Ethical philosophies tell us how we ought to act or what we should do, while the sciences are more likely to observe how things are in nature or society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Being good is equivalent to doing whatever the Bible--or the Qur’an or some other sacred text or source of revelation--tells you to do. |
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Term
| ethic philosophy of follow your conscience |
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Definition
Conscience tells us what is right or wrong
Often has a religious source
May be founded in a notion of human nature |
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Term
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Definition
It's the results that count
Stipulates acts are morally right or acceptable if they produce some desired result, e.g. realization of self interest or utility |
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Term
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Definition
| Right or acceptable actions as that maximize a particular person’s self-interest as defined by the individual. |
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Term
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Definition
rightness or wrongness of action assessed in terms of its consequences measured by:
the resulting happiness or unhappiness
greatest good for the greatest number of people |
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Term
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Definition
| The goal justifies the means: COSTS vs. BENEFITS |
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Term
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Definition
| Rightness of action based on absolute rule regardless of the circumstances or consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| There are some things one should never due even to maximize utility |
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Term
| a moral rule is a rule that: |
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Definition
Laid on us by God (Divine theories
Required by natural law
Laid on us by reason
Required by rationality
Would command universal rational acceptance
Would be the object of choice of all rational beings. |
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Term
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Definition
No objective or universal moral truth; determined by person or cultural definitions
Any moral code is as good as any other |
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Term
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Definition
| “...all Men are created ...with certain unalienable Rights” The Ethics of Rights |
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Term
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Definition
Non-segregation of the races in all eating, comfort, and work facilities.
Equal and fair employment practices for all employees.
Equal pay for all employees doing equal or comparable work for the same period of time.
Initiation of and development of training programs that will prepare, in substantial numbers, blacks and other nonwhites for supervisory, administrative, clerical, and technical jobs.
Increasing the number of blacks and other nonwhites in management and supervisory positions.
Improving the quality of life for blacks and other nonwhites outside the work environment in such areas as housing, transportation, school, recreation, and health facilities.
Working to eliminate laws and customs that impede social, economic, and political justice. |
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Term
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Definition
| Assumes what is moral in a given situation is not only what conventional morality requires, but also what the mature person with a “good” moral character would deem appropriate |
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Term
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Definition
| evaluate outcomes or results in the business relationships in terms of equity |
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Term
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Definition
| Processes and activities that produce the outcome or results |
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Term
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Definition
| Evaluation of the communication process used in the business relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| Procedures that experiences tells us to use in certain situations |
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Term
| gaioas ethical decision making |
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Definition
Be aware of cultural norms and pressures
Be prepared to face critical responsibility at an early age
Develop your ethical base; start to identify and recognize your values
Recognize that we are all “victim” of his/her cognitive structuring |
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Term
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Definition
| Speak the truth; hold people accountable |
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Term
| why dont people act when they see misbehaviors (11) |
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Definition
Personal: Ethical Traps
Role Conflicts
Don’t think of stakeholders
Group Think:”
Fear
Don’t know what to do
Belief in Inherent Morality
Collective rationalization
Illusion of unanimity
Won’t make a difference.
don't know our boundaries |
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Term
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Definition
| professional ethics, societal ethics, individual ethics |
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Term
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Definition
All employees - besides the CEO - must lead the way, and indeed they have a duty to do so, by ensuring that ethics pervades the working environment to such an extent that it becomes the culture of the organization.
You must have high standards of accountability and performance |
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Term
| characteristics of people with moral courage |
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Definition
| moral agency, multiple values, endures threat, beyond compliance, moral goal |
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Term
| some ways to increase moral courage (7) |
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Definition
Emotional signaling
Reflection
Self-regulation
Moral preparation
Organization Knowledge
Mentors/support systems
Ethical Habits |
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Term
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Definition
| labels one who disagrees in matters of opinion, belief, |
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Term
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Definition
| obligation of corporations is to make money for the public |
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Term
| ethics are relative, true or false |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 myths about business ethics |
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Definition
ethics is personal
business and ethics don't mix
business ethics is relative
good business means good ethics
information is neutral and amoral |
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Term
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Definition
| belief in superiority of ones cultural |
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Term
| moral and cultural relativism |
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Definition
| the theory that there are no universally valid moral principles binding on all people at all times, rather all are valid relative to culture. |
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Term
| company executives should ask |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| degeorge offers guidelines that multinationals should use when dealing with ldc's |
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Definition
do no intentional harm
produce more good than harm for the host country
contribute to the host country's development
respect local culture
respect human rights
cooperate with local government
majority control of a firm includes ethical responsibility
multinationals that build hazardous are obliged to ensure safety
multinationals are responsible for redesigning the transfer of hazardous technologies so they can be safely administered. |
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