Term
|
Definition
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs |
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate the partial pressure of a gas if given the concentration of a gas in a mixture and the pressure of that mixture? |
|
Definition
| % of gas times the pressure of mixture equals the partial pressure. |
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate the partial pressure of a gas dissolved in a liquid which is in equilibrium with a mixture of gases? |
|
Definition
| The partial pressure of gas in the liquid will equal that of that same gas's partial pressure in gas. |
|
|
Term
Major difference in a bronchus and a branchiole?
|
|
Definition
| Bronchioles no longer contain cartilage |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major mechanisms protecting the respiratory system against infection? |
|
Definition
| Branching of tubes and ciliated cells sweep mucous toward mouth; phagacytic cell supply |
|
|
Term
| Define alveolar (intra-alveolar) pressure (Palv). |
|
Definition
| Air pressure in pulmonary alveoli along with atmospheric pressure regulates air flow in or out of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| Define atmospheric pressure. (Patm) |
|
Definition
| The pressure of the air; along with alveolar pressure helps regulate the airflow into and out of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| Define Pleural (intrapleural) pressure. (Pip). |
|
Definition
| Intrapleural fluid pressure, changes in this pressure cause lungs and thoracic wall to move in and out during normal breathing. |
|
|
Term
| Define transpulmonary pressure. |
|
Definition
Difference in pressure between inside and outside of lungs combined with stretchability determines volume in lungs. It is equal to hte pulmonary alveolar pressure minus intropleural.
Ptp = Palv - Pip |
|
|
Term
| What are type II alveolar cells? |
|
Definition
| Thick specialized cells that produce surfactant. |
|
|
Term
| What is lateral traction? |
|
Definition
| The force in the lungs that holds small airways open, exerted by elastic connective tissue linked to surround alveolar tissue. Important to reduce airway resistance during inspiration. |
|
|
Term
| How are type II alveolar cells stimulated? |
|
Definition
| Stimulated by a stretch mechanism, a deep breath increases its secretion. |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of the autonomic nervous system on airway resistance? |
|
Definition
Epineprine relaxes airway smooth muscle by an effect on beta adrenergic receptors.
Leukotrienes produced in lungs during inflammation contract the muscle. |
|
|
Term
| What are the effects of the autonomic nervous system on respiratory secretions and the rate and depth of breathing? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic, decreases mucous in respiratory secretions to open airways and have less resistance in breathing. It increases rate of breathing and shortens the depth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air volume entering or leaving lungs with single breath during any state of respiratory activity |
|
|
Term
| Define inspiratory reserve volume. |
|
Definition
| maximal air volume that can be inspired above resting tidal volume |
|
|
Term
| Define expiratory reserve volume. |
|
Definition
| Volume of air that can be exhaled by maximal contraction of expiratory muscles after normal respiratory expiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Air volume remaining in lungs after maximal expiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Maximal amount of air that can be expired, regardless of time required, following maximal inspiration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Volume of inspired air that cannot be exchanged with blood. |
|
|
Term
| Define minute volume (minute ventilation). |
|
Definition
| Total ventilation per minute. Equals tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate |
|
|
Term
| Define Alveolar ventilation |
|
Definition
| Volume of atmospheric air entering alveoli each minute. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forced expiratory volume in 1sec, maximal inspiration followed by exhale maximally as fast as possible. |
|
|
Term
| What are the pulmonary function tests? |
|
Definition
| Measurement of vital capacity and FEV-1. if you have obstructive lung diseases FEV-1 will be below 80%. If you have restrictive lung diseases there will be a normal FEV-1 and a reduced vital capacity. |
|
|
Term
| How are rate and depth of respiration controlled? |
|
Definition
| Control is in medullary respiratory center and neurons of dorsal respiratory group and ventral repiratory group. The respiratory rhythm generator in the Pre-Botzinger complex controls basal respiratory rate. Rate and depth are also controlled by arterial PO2, production of non-CO2 acids and arterial PCO2 leading to firing of various neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low levels of oxygen in the air, blood, or tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low levels of oxygen in the blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased respiratory rate, abnormally fast breathing. |
|
|
Term
| In improving alveolar ventilation, is increasing the rate or depth of breathing more effective? |
|
Definition
| Depth because it requires less work. And it absorbs the most oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| In what units are the blood gases usually measured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the concentration of oxygen and CO2 in the air different than the concentrations in our alveoli? |
|
Definition
| The alveolar PO2 is lower than atmospheric because some of the oxygen in the air entering the alveoli leaves them to enter the pulmonary capillaries. The alveolar PCO2 is higher than atmospheric because carbon dioxide enters the alveoli from the pulmonary capillaries. |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal blood pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can the respiratory system cause respiratory acidosis? |
|
Definition
| The respiratory system causes an increase in the alveolar and arterial PCO2 which causes arterial H+ concentration to increase. *Look at equation in the book* |
|
|
Term
| How does metabolic acidosis affect the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| The metabolic acidosis occurs due to a non-carbon dioxide acid source such as the addition of lactic acid to the blood in strenuous exercise. |
|
|
Term
| What are the receptors which respond to changes in the blood gasses and where are they located? |
|
Definition
| Peripheral chemoreceptors: carotid bodies and aortic bodies |
|
|
Term
| How does an increased arterial PCO2 affect respiration? |
|
Definition
| Increased arterial PCO2 increases H+ which fires peripheral chemoreceptors which triggers contractions in respiratory muscles and increases ventilation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An action when the receptors are stimulated causing deep inspiration and a violent expiration |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of a cough and a sneeze? |
|
Definition
| They are reflexes which protect the respiratory system from irritant materials. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the stretchability of lungs defined by the magnitude of change in lung volume produced by a given change in transpulmonary pressure. |
|
|
Term
| How are oxygen and carbon dioxide carried in the blood? |
|
Definition
| They will diffuse into the blood to balance out pressure differences. Oxygen is carried in blood mainly by a hemoglobin molecule which can bind to 4 oxygen molecules. About 30% of carbon dioxide is carried by carbamino hemoglobin and 60% of carbon dioxide is stored as bicarbonate ions. |
|
|
Term
| What is carbonic anydrase? |
|
Definition
| An enzyme present in RBCs but not plasma, carbonic aid dissociates rapidly into bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion which then exchanges bicarbonate for chloride resulting in the chloride shift. |
|
|
Term
| How do the pulmonary and the systemic circulations differ? |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary is blood to lungs, arteries are deoxygenated and veins are oxygenated. Systemic is blood to body, arteries are oxygenated and veins are deoxygenated. |
|
|
Term
| What does a shift to the right of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve signify? |
|
Definition
| It signifies higher amounts of hemoglobin saturation. |
|
|
Term
| What causes the shift to the right of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve signify? |
|
Definition
| The diffusion across is initially based on pressure differences an then O2 binds to hemoglobin and is no longer a part of the included count for pressure. |
|
|
Term
| How would a dramatic increase in alveolar PO2 affect the amount of oxygen carried by blood? |
|
Definition
| An increase in PO2 will decrease hte amount of oxygen carried by blood. |
|
|
Term
| How would a dramatic decrease in alveolar PO2 affect the amount of oxygen carried by blood? |
|
Definition
| A decrease in PO2 will cause a large fraction of the oxygen in the entering fresh air to leave the alveoli to enter the blood for use by tissues. |
|
|
Term
| How does alveolar air compare with air in the environment? |
|
Definition
| Alveolar air has 105 mmHg PO2 and 40 mmHg PCO2. Air in the enviroment has 160 mmHg PO2 and ~0 mmHg of PCO2. |
|
|
