Breathing out

CO2

Series of expiratory coughs after deep inspiration.

(Commonly seen in Whooping cough or aspiration)

Upper airway obstruction: supraclavicular, substernal spaces draw in

Lower airway: intercostal and subcostal spaces draw in

Decreased O2 to cells

(Seem restless and anxious)

Blue tinge to skin due to hypoxia

(Apparent when PO2 under 40 mm/Hg or hemoglobin down to 3g/100 mL)

Change in angle of fingernail due to increased capillary growth when body tries to increase oxygen to distal body cells

Extra or abnormal breath sounds.

Nose or pharynx obstruction=rhonchi (snoring)

Larynx or base of tongue obstruction = stridor (harsh on inspiration)

Lower trachea or bronchioles = wheezing (expiration

Fluid filled alveoli = rales (crackles)

Air trapped in alveoli

(elongated anteroposterior diameter of chest)

Causes hyperresonant sound on percussion

Arterial blood gases

The amount of oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH in the blood.

Arterial partial pressure of O2

normal = 80-100 mm Hg

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

Normal = 35-45 mm Hg

The percentage of hemoglobin carrying O2

Normal 95%-100%

The hydrogen ion concentration of blood

Normal is 7.35 - 7.45

Bicarbonate concentration in blood.

Normal is 22-26 mEq/L

Bicarbonate available for buffering.

Normal = -2.5 - +2.5 mEq/L

rapid breathing

confusion

plasma pH above 7.45

urine ph above 7

PCO2 below 40 mm Hg

HCO3 initially normal but compensates below 20 mEq/L

shallow breathing

confusion, disorientation

plasma pH below 7.35

urine pH below 6

PCO2 above 40 mm Hg

HCO3 initially normal but once compensated, above 25 mEq/L

Chest physiotherapy

(postural drainage, percussion and vibration)

Nose bleed

(keep in upright position, head tilted forward, apply pressure to sides of nose)

infection and inflammation of sinus cavities.

(antipyretic, analgesia, antibiotic, warm compresses)

Inflammation of the larynx

(rest voice for 24 hours)

laryngeal structure is weaker andcollapses on inspiration

(Hear stridor)

inflammation of the epiglottis

(viral or bacterial)

Causes inflammation and infection of the major airways

(couch, fever, malaise, aching pains, sore throat)

(Need antipyretic and TamiFlu)

pathogenic RNA virus

(give O2 and hydration therapy)

May be prevented by RSV-IVIG and Palivizumab

hypersensitive response (includes bronchospasm, inflammation of bronchial mucosa, and increased se

cretions.

(Wheezing)

Treat: intranasal corticosteroid, bronchodilator, beta 2 agonist, mast cell stabilizer, leukotriene receptor antagonist

autosomal inherited disease

Pancreas full of mucous-does not function correctly, in lungs mucous pools in bronchioles.electrolyte composition of sweat changes