Term
| Common Cold Etiology of the URT? |
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Definition
Rhinitis (Common Cold)
-mostly viruses
- Rhinovirus
-parainfluenza
-RSV (old ppl)
-Influenza A, B, G |
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Term
| Cause of Exuduate Phanyngitis in children? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the Common Cold Signs & Symptoms |
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Definition
Common Cold-Signs & Symptoms
Slight fever in adults
-Higher temps in infants
-Nasal congestion
-Conjunctivitis (occasional)
-Sore throat
-Cough
-Erythema of mucous membrane (nose)
-Rinorrhea (initially clear, then purulent)
-Erythema (mild) of throat
- No diagnostic test needed |
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Term
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Definition
Zicam
-used as dietary supplement for Common Cold
-not effective
-cause Anosmia--ppl lose their sense of smell, complete |
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Term
| What 3 pathogens are the common common cause of Sinusitis |
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Definition
Sinusitis
-complication of Common Cold
-mostly causesd by S. Pneumonia, H. Influenze, M. Catarrhalis
-rarely caused by S. pygones, S, Aureus |
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Term
| How do you tx. Sinusitis? |
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Definition
| Tx Sinusitis w/ Amoxicillin , amoxicillin/clavulanate |
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Term
| How do you tx. Pertussis, and why? |
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Definition
Pertussis
-tx for symptoms w/ Erythromycin (mostly to preent transmission) |
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Term
| How do you diagnose Bordetella Pertussis |
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Definition
To diagnose Bordetella Pertussis use BORDET AND GENGOU (BG medium)
BG medium is supplemented w/ cephalexin to impair growth of normal flora |
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Term
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Definition
| http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/files/imagecache/news/files/news/20081119_respiratory_tract.jpg |
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Term
| Which is more infectious Measles or Whooping cough? |
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Definition
| Measles is more infectious |
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Term
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Definition
Measles Tx:
-vaccine available
-give IG and VitA |
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Term
| How do you Diagnosis Strep Throat |
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Definition
Strep Throat
Clinical
-Age, Acute onset
-Absecne of rhinits (except infantile form)
-Rash
Culture
Rapid Tests
-Rapid Antigen Test
-Treat it Positive
-Confirm w/ culture if Negative |
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Term
| What are the limitations of tx for Strep Throat |
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Definition
Strep Throat
- tx only prevents acute Rheumatic fever, but tx doesn't prevent Glomerulonephritis |
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Term
| What pathogen usually cause Strep Throat |
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Definition
Strep Throat
-usually caused by Streptococcus Pyogenes
-it is beta hemolytic
-it is bacitracin sensitive |
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Term
| How do you tx. Strep Throat |
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Definition
Strep Throat -Treatment
-noncontagious on day 2 of tx
-Penicllin (10d) is drug of choice |
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Term
| How do you tx a patient w/ Strep Throat that is allergic to Penicillin |
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Definition
Alternative Treatment for Strep Throat
1) Cephalexin
2)Clindamycin
3) Co-trimoxazole
4)Macrolides (not first alternative b/c of growing resistance); {Erythromycin, Rozithromycin, Azthromyocin, Clarithromycin} |
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Term
| How do you tx AOM in children? |
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Definition
AOM-Therapy
-Amoxicllin at a dose of 80-90mg/kg/day is the initial antibacterial of choice for most children
->2 yrs w/ certain diagnosis-->antibacterial tx if severe illness; observation option if nonsevere illness
-< 6 months-->w/ certain diagnosis tx w/ antibacterial tx, and uncertain diagnosis give antibacterila threapy
-6 months to 2 yrs-->w/ certain diagnosis give antibacterial therapy; w/ uncertain diagnosi give antibacterial tx if severe illness; observation option |
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Term
| What is the Eitology of Epiglottitis? |
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Definition
Epiglottitis
-Etiology: H. spp. S. aureus
-cases have declined after Hib-vaccine |
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Term
| How do you tx Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) |
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Definition
Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)
-common in young chilredn
-hoarse voice/barking cough
-tx w/ humidifed dair, systemic steroids; inhaled epinephrine |
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Term
| Difference between URT & LRT |
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Definition
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Term
| Frequent agent of pneumonia in adults? |
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Definition
Streptococcus pneumonia
-alpha-helmolytic
-capsule makes it resistant to phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
PCV- 7 Vaccine
-contains S. pneumoniae serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, 23F
-resulted in dec. of invasive pneumococcal dz in children including pneumonia |
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Term
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Definition
PCV-13
-replaced PCV-7
-better bc contains 19A and types 1 &3 which have been implicated in complicated pneumococcal pneumonia (empyema, necrotizign pneumonia)
-Type 3 is the most severe |
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Term
| What does Staphy aureus cause, and how is it infectious? |
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Definition
Staphyl aureus
-gram-pos, coagulase pos.
-produc a cell wall protein, protein A, which possesses antiphagocytic properties and has a high affinity for the Fc portion of certain immunoglobutlin subclasses
-Viral Respiratlry infection (especially influenza A) may alter natural host defense and allow the develop of staphy pneumonia |
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Term
| How are CA-MRSA different from hospital-acquired MRSA> |
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Definition
Hospital-accquired MRSA are poly resistant
-CA-MRSA are mon-resistant to all beta-lactams, sensitive to Clindamycin, Linezolid, & others |
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Term
| What is the Cytotoxicity of M. pneumoniae |
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Definition
M. pnuemononae Cytotoxicity
-H2O2 (causes hemolysis)
-->gluthationone reduction
-->hgb denaturation
-->lipid peroxidation
Superoxide & hydroxy Radical (causes ciliostasis, ciliolysis, exfoliation)
-->inhibit host cell catalase
--> oxidative stress |
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Term
| What is the most important lab finding of M. pneumonie |
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Definition
M. Pneumonia Lab finding
-50% of ppl have cold agglutinis by wk 2,
-disappearing by 6-8 wks |
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Term
| How long does it take for Chlamydia to fully replicate? |
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Definition
| Chlamydia life cycle takes 48-72 hrs |
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Term
| What viruses are responsible for LRTI? |
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Definition
Viruses Responsible for LRTI
1) Influenza A & B
2)Cornoavirus (SARS, rhinovirus)
3) Respiratory Syncytila Virus (RSV)
4) Adenovirus
5) Parainfluenza
6) Human metapneumovirus
7)Human Bocavirus |
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Term
| What is the significance of Mannose binding Lectin? |
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Definition
MBL (Mannose Binding Lectin)
-importnat in first-line defense aganist viruses
-pts w/ SARs more likely to have MBL gene haplotype w/ low or deficient levels of MBL |
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Term
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Definition
ACE2 (Agntiotensin-Converting Enzyme)
- ACE 2 and CD209L are functional SARS HCoV receptors
-ACE2 knockout mice have lower yield of virus than wild type mice
-Infection w/ SARS HCoV results in down-regulation of ACE2 and subsequent lung pathology
-ACE2 has key protective role in acute lung injury |
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Term
| What type of Virus causes RSV |
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Definition
RSV
-caused by a single-stranded, negative sense RNA virus
-member of Paramyxoviridae family
-2 Subtypes, A & B
-A typically causes more severe disease
-No protective immunity although subsequent infections are usually milder |
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Term
| Who is at risk for RSV LRTI? |
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Definition
Who is at risk for RSV LRTI?
• Infants <6 mos: esp. those born during first half of RSV season (October-March), day care.
• Infants and children with underlying heart or lung disease, i.e, congenital heart disease, BPD.
• Infants born <35 weeks gestation.
• Immunocompromised persons (immune def, malignancy).
• Significant asthma at any age.
• Elderly in nursingh omes.
• Elderly patients with chronic pulmonary disease. |
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Term
| What type of virus is Adenovirus |
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Definition
Adenovirus
• Double-stranded DNA, approx 35 kb, surrounded by non-enveloped icosohedron with fiber-like projections.
• Group B adenoviruses bind to CD46 (a complement related protein).
• Most adenoviruses readily infect human epithelial cell lines, less readily fibroblast lines (RSV and other resp. viruses). |
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Term
| What is Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) |
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Definition
Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV)
• 2001-identification of new paramyxovirus, subfamily Pneumoviridae: hMPV.
• Enveloped RNA virus with non-segmented negative-sense genome.
• May be responsible for ~10% LRT disease in children, rising to 25% during peaks in March and April.
• Clinical manifestations similar to RSV , including bronchiolitis with wheezing, pneumonia, exacerbations of asthma.
• Severe infection in immunocompromised hosts. |
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Term
| What is the Human Bocavirus (HBoV)? |
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Definition
Human Bocavirus (HBoV)
• Parvovirus first described in 2005 in Sweden by random PCR analysis of respiratory samples from patients with pneumonia.
• Phylogenic analyses of the complete genome revealed that HBoV was most closely related to canine minute virus and bovine parvovirus, members of the Bocavirus genus of the Parvoviridae family.
• DNA virus,genome contains 3 openreading frames, one which encodes a nonstructural protein, the other encodes VP1/VP2 structural proteins, the third NP-1 protein, unknown function. |
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