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| Arterial oxygen saturation |
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| Oxygen saturation by pulse oximeter |
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| Transcutaneuos oxygen partial pressure |
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| Alveolar to arterial oxygen ternsion gradient |
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Definition
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| Alveolar to arterial oxygen ternsion gradient normal range |
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Definition
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| What determines adequacy of oxygenation |
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Definition
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| What determines efficiency of oxgenation |
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Definition
Alveolar to arterial oxygen tension gradient
Arterial to alveolar
respiratory index
P/F ratio |
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| Equation for Arterial to alveolar |
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Definition
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| Normal range for Arterial to alveolar equation |
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| accumulation of air in the pleural space causes collapse of lung tissue |
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accumulation of serous fluid in the pleural space which can be caused by
the inflammatory process and some cancers |
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| Fractional concentration of gas |
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| Q (with period over the top) |
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| X (with line over the top) |
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| Dead space; wasted ventilation |
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| Ambient temperature and pressure, dry |
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Definition
Ambient temperature and pressure, saturated
with water vapor at these conditions
BTPS Body temperature and pressure, saturated |
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Definition
Body temperature and pressure, saturated with
water vapor at these conditions |
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Standard conditions: temperature 0 dC (273 dK),
pressure 760 torr and dry |
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| c (with period over the top) |
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| v (with line over the top) |
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Definition
Total lung capacity: the volume in the lungs at
maximal inflation |
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Definition
Residual volume: the volume of air remaining
in the lungs after a maximal exhalation |
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Definition
Expiratory reserve volume: the maximal
volume of air that can be exhaled from the
end-expiratory position |
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Definition
| Inspiratory reserve volume; the maximal volume that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level |
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Definition
| Inspiratory capacity: the sum of IRV and TV |
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Definition
| Inspiratory vital capacity; the maximum volume of air inhaled from the point of maximum expiration |
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Definition
| Vital capacity; the volume equal to TLC-RV |
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Definition
| Tidal volume; that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing (VT indicates a subdivision of hte lung; when tidal volume is precisely mesure, as in gas exhange calcuation, the symbol VT is used.) |
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Definition
| Functional residual capacity; the volume in the lungs at the end-expiratory position |
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| Actual volume of the lung including the volume of the conducting airways |
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| Force vital capacity: the determination of hte vital capacity from a maximally forced expiratory effort |
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Definition
| Forced expiratory volume (time): a generic term indicating the volume of air exhaled under forced condicitons in the first t seconds |
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Definition
| Volume that has been exhaled at the end of the first second of forced expiration |
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Definition
| Forced expiratory flow related to some portion of the FVC curve; modifiers refere to amount of FBC already exhaled |
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Definition
| The maximum instantaneous flow achieved during a FVC maneuver |
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Definition
| Forced expiratory flow over the middle half of the FBC, that is, the average flow from the point where 25% of the FVC has been exhaled to the point where 75% has been exhaled. This formerly has been called the maximual midexpiratory flow rate (MMEFR) |
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Definition
| Forced inspiratory flow; (Specific measurement of the forced inspiratory curve is denoted by nomenclature analogous to that for the forced expiratory curve. For example, maximum inspiratory flow is denoted FIF max. Unles otherwise specified, volume qualifers indicate the voume inspired from RV at the point of measurement.) |
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Definition
| The highest forced expiratory flow measured with a peak flow meter |
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| Maximal voluntary ventilation; volume of air expirated in a specified period during repetitive maximal effort |
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Definition
| breathing frequence (breaths/minute or BPM) |
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Definition
Respiration is the act of breathing:
•inhaling (inspiration) - taking in oxygen
•exhaling (expiration) - giving off carbon dioxide |
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| What makes up the respiratory system? |
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Definition
The respiratory system is made up of the organs involved in breathing and consists of the:
•nose
•pharynx
•larynx
•trachea
•bronchi
•lungs
The upper respiratory tract includes the:
•nose
•nasal cavity
•ethmoidal air cells
•frontal sinuses
•maxillary sinus
•larynx
•trachea
The lower respiratory tract includes the:
•lungs
•bronchi
•alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
The lungs take in oxygen, which all cells throughout the body need to live and carry out their normal functions. The lungs also get rid of carbon dioxide, a waste product of the body's cells.
The lungs are a pair of cone-shaped organs made up of spongy, pinkish-gray tissue. They take up most of the space in the chest, or the thorax (the part of the body between the base of the neck and diaphragm).
The lungs are inside in a membrane called the pleura.
The lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum, an area that contains the following:
•heart and its large vessels
•trachea (windpipe)
•esophagus
•thymus
•lymph nodes
The right lung has three sections, called lobes. The left lung has two lobes. When you breathe, the air:
•enters the body through the nose or the mouth
•travels down the throat through the larynx (voice box) and trachea (windpipe)
•goes into the lungs through tubes called main-stem bronchi
◦one main-stem bronchus leads to the right lung and one to the left lung
◦in the lungs, the main-stem bronchi divide into smaller bronchi
◦and then into even smaller tubes called bronchioles
◦bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli |
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Term
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) |
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Definition
There are several types of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) that require clinical care by a physician or other health care professional. Listed in the directory below are some of the conditions, for which we have provided a brief overview.
•Asthma
•Chronic Bronchitis
•Pulmonary Emphysema |
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Definition
Asthma is a chronic, inflammatory lung disease involving recurrent breathing problems. The characteristics of asthma are three airway problems:
•obstruction
•inflammation
•hyper-responsiveness |
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| What are the symptoms of asthma? |
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Definition
The following are the most common symptoms for asthma; however, each person may experience symptoms differently.
Sometimes the only symptom is a chronic cough, especially at night, or coughing or wheezing that occurs only with exercise. Some people think they have recurrent bronchitis, since respiratory infections usually settle in the chest in a person predisposed to asthma.
Asthma may resemble other respiratory problems such as emphysema, bronchitis, and lower respiratory infections. It is under-diagnosed -- many people with the disease do not know they have it. Consult your physician for a diagnosis. |
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Definition
The basic cause of the lung abnormality in asthma is not yet known, although health care professionals have established that it is a special type of inflammation of the airway that leads to:
•contraction of airway muscles
•mucus production
•swelling in the airways
It is important to know that asthma is not caused by emotional factors -- as commonly believed years ago. Emotional anxiety and nervous stress can cause fatigue, which may affect the immune system and increase asthma symptoms, or aggravate an attack. However, these reactions are considered to be more of an effect than a cause. |
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| What happens during an asthma attack? |
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Definition
Persons with asthma have acute episodes when the air passages in their lungs get narrower, and breathing becomes more difficult. These problems are caused by an oversensitivity of the lungs and airways.
•Lungs and airways overreact to certain triggers and become inflamed and clogged.
•Breathing becomes harder and may hurt.
•There may be coughing.
•There may be a wheezing or whistling sound, which is typical of asthma. Wheezing occurs because:
◦muscles that surround the airways tighten, and the inner lining of the airways swells and pushes inward.
◦membranes that line the airways secrete extra mucus.
◦the mucus can form plugs that further block the air passages.
◦the rush of air through the narrowed airways produces the wheezing sounds |
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| What are the risk factors for an asthma attack? |
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Definition
Although anyone may have an asthma attack, it most commonly occurs in:
•children, by the age of 5
•adults in their 30s
•adults older than 65
•people living in urban communities
Other factors include:
•family history of asthma
•personal medical history of allergies |
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Term
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Definition
To diagnose asthma and distinguish it from other lung disorders, physicians rely on a combination of medical history, physical examination and laboratory tests, which may include:
•spirometry (using an instrument that measures the air taken into and out of the lungs)
•peak flow monitoring (another measure of lung function)
• chest x-rays
•blood tests
•allergy tests |
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Definition
Specific treatments for asthma will be determined by your physician(s)
based on: •your overall health and medical history
•extent of the disease
•your tolerance for specific medications, procedures or therapies
•expectations for the course of the disease
•your opinion or preference
As of yet, there is no cure for asthma. However, it can often be controlled with prescription medications that may help prevent or relieve symptoms, and by learning ways to manage episodes. |
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Definition
People with asthma can learn to identify and avoid the things that trigger an episode, and educate themselves about medications and other asthma management strategies.
According to the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma, published by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute:
•Asthma is a chronic disease. It has to be cared for all the time -- not just when symptoms are present.
◦The four parts of continually managing asthma are:
■identify and minimize contact with asthma triggers
■understand and take medications as prescribed
■monitor asthma to recognize signs when it is getting worse
■know what to do when asthma gets worse
•Working with a health care professional is the best way to take care of asthma.
•The more information a person with asthma has, the better asthma can be controlled |
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| What are the causes of chronic bronchitis? |
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Definition
In acute bronchitis, bacteria or viruses may be the cause, but in chronic bronchitis there is no specific organism recognized as the cause of the disease.
Cigarette smoking is cited as the most common contributor to chronic bronchitis, followed by:
•bacterial or viral infections
•environmental pollution
It is often associated with other pulmonary diseases such as:
•pulmonary emphysema
•pulmonary fibrosis
•asthma
•tuberculosis
•sinusitis
•upper respiratory infections |
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| How is chronic bronchitis diagnosed? |
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Definition
In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, your doctor may request the following:
•pulmonary function tests - to determine characteristics and capabilities of the lungs:
◦spirometry - to measure the amount of air that can be forced out in 1 second
◦peak flowmeter - to evaluate changes in breathing and response to medications
•arterial blood gas (ABG) - a blood test that analyzes the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood
•pulse oximetry - uses light waves to measure the amount of oxygen in the blood
•x-ray
•computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan |
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