Term
| What is the primary purpose of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Upper respiratory consists of? |
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Definition
| noce, pharynx, andenoids, tonsils, epiglottis, larynx and trachea |
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Term
| Lower respiratory consists of? |
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Definition
| bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. |
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Term
The nasal cavity connects with the pharynx, and tubular passageway that is subdivided into 3 parts...
what are they? |
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Definition
| Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
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Term
| How does the nose protect the lower airway? |
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Definition
| It warms and humidifies air and filtering small particles before air enters the lungs. |
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Term
1. The adenoids are located in the?
2. The tonsils are located in the? |
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Definition
1. lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx
2. oropharynx |
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Term
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Definition
| Small flap located behind the tongue that closes over the larynx during swallowing. This prevents solids and liquids from entering the lungs. |
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Term
The trachea splits into right and left mainstem bronchi at what point?
Touching this while suctioning causes what? |
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Definition
-carina
-causes vigorous coughing |
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Term
| Which lung is aspiration more likely to occur and why? |
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Definition
| The right lung, b/c the right mainstem bronchus is shorter, wider, and straighter than the left. |
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Term
| What is tidal volume and what is a normal tidal volume for adults? (VT) |
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Definition
| It is the volume of air exchanged with each breath and the normal for adults is 500 ml. |
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Term
| What is anatomic dead space? |
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Definition
| (VD) The air filling this space with every breath is not available for gas exchange. For every 500 ml inhaled, about 150 ml is VD. |
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Term
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Definition
| small sacs that are the primary site of gas exachange. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lung can be thought of as a collecation of 300 million bubbles (alveoli). surfactant is a lipoprotien that lowers the surface tension in the avleoli. It reduces the amount of pressure needed to inflate the alveoli and decreases the tendency of alveoli to collapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to collapsed, airless alveoli. |
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Term
| Pulmonary circulation does what? |
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Definition
| Provides the lungs with blood for gas exchange. Pulmonary artery receives deoxygenated blood fromt he right ventricle of the heart and delivers it to the pulmonary capillaries that are directly connected with alveoli.O2 and CO2 exchange happen at this point. The pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to left atrium, which then delivers it to the left ventricle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Starts with bronchial ateries, which arise from the thoracic aorta. This provides oxygen to the bronchi and other pulmonary tissues. |
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Term
| The chest cavity is lined with a membrane called?_____ and the lungs are lined with a membrance called?____ |
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Definition
| Parietal pleura and then visceral pleura. |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of greater amounts of fluid. |
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Term
| What is major muscle of respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| involves inspiration and expiration (movement of air into and out of the lungs.) |
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Term
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Definition
| (SOB) occurs, neck and shoulder muscles can assist the effort. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for the lungs to relax after being stretched or expanded. The elasticity of lung tissue is due to the elastin fibers found the in the alveolar walls and surrounding the bronchioles and capillaries. |
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Term
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Definition
(distensibility) is a measure of the ease of expansion of the lungs. This is a product of the elasticty of the lungs and the elastic recoil of the chest wasll. When compliance is decreased, the lungs are more difficult to inflate.
Examples include conditions that increase fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema, pneumonia, ARDS). |
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Term
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Definition
| O2 and CO2 move back forth across the alveolar-capillary membrance by diffusion. Going from higher concentration to lower concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
PaO2= partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.
SaO2= arterial oxygen saturation.
Oxygen is carried in the blood in 2 ways: dissolved O2 and hgb-bound O2.
PaO2 represents the amount of O2 dissolved in the plasma and expressed in mm Hg.
SaO2 is the amount of O2 bound to hgb in comparison with the amount of oxygen the hgb can carry. i.e. if SaO2 is 90%, this means that 90% of the hgb attachments for O2 have oxygen bound to them. |
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Term
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Definition
| To determine O2 status and acid-base balance. |
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Term
| How do you differentiate between acidosis and alkalosis with both metabolic and respiratory? |
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Definition
ROME=Respiratory Opposite; Metabolic Equal
Respiratory acidosis pH ↓ CO2 ↑
Respiratory alkalosis pH ↑ CO2 ↓
Metabolic acidosis pH ↓ HCO3 ↓
Metabolic alkalosis pH ↑ HCO3 ↑ |
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Term
| What are structural changes that occur in the elderly? |
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Definition
Structural alterations include:
- stiffening of the chest wall
- decrease in elastic recoil of the lung
- decrease in chest was compliance.
- The anterior-posterior diameter of the thoracic cage, as well as the residual volume increase.
- Costal cartilage calcify with aging and interfere with chest expansion.
- Outward curvature of the spine is marked, especially with osteoporosis, and the lumbar curve flattens, this gives the barrel shaped chest.
- Elderly might use accessory muscles to breathe.
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Term
| What happens to the defense mechanisms with aging? |
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Definition
They are less effective b/c of a decline in cell-mediated immunity and formation of antibodies.
The alveolar macrophages are less effective at phagocytosis.
Decreased coughing force and fewer and less functional cilia.
Mucous membranes tend to be drier.
Retained mucus predisposes the elderly to respiratory infections. |
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Term
| What is a bronchoscopy and what are they used for? |
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Definition
A procedure in which the bronchi are visualized through a fiberoptic tube.
used for diagnostics, obtain biopsies, assess changes resulting from treatment. May also be used for treatment i.e. mucous plugs or foreign bodies can be removed. |
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Term
Thoracentesis
what is it?
How should the patient be positioned? |
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Definition
The insertion of a large-bore needle through the chest wall into the pleural space to obtain specimens for diagnostic evaluation, remove pleural fluid, or instill medication into the pleural space.
The patient should be positioned sitting upright with elbows on an overbed table and feet supported. |
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