Term
| Functions of the Respiratory System |
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Definition
1) Gas exchange
2) Move air to/from gas exchange surfaces of lungs
3) Protect from dehydration, temp changes, pathogens
4) Communication
5) Aid sense of smell |
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Term
| Respiratory Tract-Conducting Portion |
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Definition
| entrance to nasal cavity->large bronchioles.
Filters, warms and humidifies air
Protect alveoli from debris, pathogens, extremes
Lined by respiratory mucosa |
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Term
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Definition
Lines conducting portion.
Respiratory epithelium(ciliated columnar epithelium with mucous cells and glands) |
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Definition
Project out of nasal cavity.
Air swirls around conchae, particles stick to mucous coating.
Promote filtration, extra time for warming/humidifying |
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Definition
| Produces mucous that clears respiratory surfaces of nasal cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA throat. Chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems.
3 Subdivisions- Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
-Materials entering digestive tract pass through both oropharynx and laryngopharynx |
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Definition
Lined by typical respiratory epithelium.
Pharyngeal tonsil, entrance to auditory tubes |
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Definition
Between soft palate and base of tongue.
Palastine tonsil
Stratified squamous epithelium |
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Definition
To esophagus entrance.
Stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA voice box
Enter through glottis
9 carilages
3 largest- epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage |
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Definition
| Closes glottis during swallowing |
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Definition
Anterior and lateral surfaces
Adams apple |
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Definition
| ligaments, inelastic. Prevent foreign objects from entering glottis, protect true cords |
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Definition
Elastic ligaments between thyroid and arytenoid cartilages.
Vibrated by air passing through glottis |
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Definition
| AKA windpipe
Supported by 15-20 C-shaped Tracheal cartilages |
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Term
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Definition
C shaped
Prevent trachea collapse/overexpansion
allow food masses to pass through esophagus
Ends connected by tracheal is muscle(smooth muscle)-contractions(autonomic), adjust diameter.
Sympathetic stimulation increases diameter |
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Term
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Definition
Trachea-->right and left primary bronchi
ciliated epithelium, C-shaped cartilaginous rings
Right=larger, steeper angle |
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Term
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Definition
| After primary bronchus enters lung. Secondary Bronchi enter lobes of lung |
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Definition
9-10 in each lung
Supplies air to specific region (Bronchopulmonary segment) |
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Definition
Cartilages disappear completely
Walls dominated by smooth muscle (autonomic nervous system)
control resistance to airflow, distribution of air in lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| Sympathetic activation-->smooth muscle relax, diameter increases |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasympathetic stimulation--Asthma=extreme response, block passageways |
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Definition
| Supply air to a lobule of the lung |
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Definition
| Segment of lung tissue bounded by CT partitions, supplied by single bronchiole |
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Term
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Definition
| Terminal bronchiole divides within lobe
Thinnest branches, deliver air to gas-exchange surfaces
Open into alveolar ducts |
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Definition
| common chambers contacted to multiple individual alveoli-the exchange surface of the lungs |
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Definition
Simple squamous epithelium cells in alveoli
Thin. |
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Definition
Roaming, patrol epithelium
Phagocytize particles |
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Term
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Definition
| Septal Cells
Produce surfactant |
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Definition
Oily secretion onto alveolar surfaces.
Keeps alveoli open by reducing surface tension |
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Term
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Definition
1) Squamous epithelial cells lining alveoli
2) Endothelial cells lining adjacent capillary
3) Fused basement membrane inbetween |
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Term
| Diffusion across Membrane |
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Definition
Rapid because short distance
O2 and CO2 are lipid soluble, can move between blood and alveolar air |
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Term
| Angiotension-Convertin Enzyme (ACE) |
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Definition
| Produced by endothelial cells of alveolar capillaries |
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Definition
| Blockage of a branch of pulmonary artery will stop blood flow to a group of lobules/alveoli |
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Definition
| Right lung has 3 lobes, Left has 2 |
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Definition
| Surrounds each lung
Lined by pleura, serous membrane
Parietal pleural-inner surface of body wall
visceral pleura-outer surface of lungs
Secrete pleural fluid to reduce friction |
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Term
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Definition
Processes involved in exchange of O2 and CO2 between interstitial fluids and external enviornment
To met respiratory demands of cells |
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Definition
| Absorption of O2 and release of CO2 by cells |
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Term
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Definition
Physical movement air air in and out
Respiratory Rate-number of breaths/minute |
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Definition
Air flows from high pressure to low pressure
Any expansion/contraction of thoracic cavity directly affects lung volume |
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Definition
Floor of thoracic cavity
When relaxed, compresses lungs.
Contract, increase volume of cavity & expands lungs |
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Definition
Rib cage elevation increases cavity volume with help from external intercostal muscles&accessory muscles
Internal intercostal muscles and accessory muscles lower rib cage |
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Definition
Indication of how easily the lungs expand.
Lower compliance, greater force required to fill and empty the lungs
Greater compliance, easier to fill |
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Term
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Definition
Inhalation is active-contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
exhalation is passive |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhalation and exhalation are active |
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Term
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Definition
At rest, the amount of air you move into or out of lungs during a single respiratory cycle
Can be increased through forced breathing |
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Term
| Expiratory Reserve Volume |
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Definition
| In a normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Amount of air that could be voluntarily expelled |
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Term
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume |
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Definition
| Amount of air that can be taken in over and above the tidal volume |
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Term
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Definition
IRV+ERV+Tidal Volume
Max amount of air that can be moved into and out of respiratory system in a single cycle |
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Definition
Amount of air that remains in lungs even after max exhalation.
Because lungs are held against thoracic wall |
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Definition
| Amount of air left in respiratory system when chest cavity has been penetrated and lungs collapse |
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Term
| Partial Pressures of Gasses |
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Definition
Partial pressure of each gas determines its rate of diffusion between alveolar air and the bloodstream
The Pp of O2 determines how much O2 enters solution but has not effect on diffusion rates of N2 or CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Induced changes in response to information from mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors |
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Definition
| Respond to changes in lung volume/changes in arterial bp |
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Definition
(Mechanoreceptor)
Prevents lungs from overexpanding in forced breathing
Stretch receptors stimulated when lungs expand
Volume of lung increases, DRG inspiratory center is inhibited, VRG expiratory center is stimulated
->inhalation stops as lungs near max volume
-->active exhalation |
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Definition
| Inhibits expiratory center, stimulates inspiratory center when lungs are collapsing |
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Definition
Inflation and deflation reflexes
Neither involved in normal quiet breathing
Blood pressure falls, respiratory rate increases b/c of carotid and aortic baroreceptors |
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Definition
| Respond to chemical changes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid
Stimulation- |
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Term
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Definition
More powerful effect on respiratory activity than O2
Small increase in PCO2 stimulates CO2 receptors, PO2 does not decline enough to activate O2 receptors
CO@ levels=responsible for regulating respiratory activity
**2 types of receptors work together when PO2 does fall |
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Term
| Involuntary Respiratory Centers |
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Definition
In medulla oblongata and pons
Regulate respiratory muscles, control respiratory rate and breathing depth
Respond to sensory information |
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Term
| Voluntary Respiratory Centers |
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Definition
| Activity in cerebral cortex that affects output of respiratory centers/motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
3 pairs of nuclei in pons and medulla oblongata
Influenced by elevated body temps, CNS stimulants |
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Term
| Respiratory Rhythmicity Centers |
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Definition
of Medulla oblongata
set pace for respiration |
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Term
| Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) |
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Definition
Respiratory center
contains a inspiratory center |
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Term
| Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) |
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Definition
Respiratory center
Contains an expiratory center |
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Term
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Definition
functions in EVERY respiratory cycle
Neurons control external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm
Maintain basic rhythm even in absence of sensory/regulatory stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Only during forced breathing, activates accessory muscles |
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