Term
| Functions of the respiratory system: |
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Definition
1)Supplies body with oxygen
2)Disposes of carbon dioxide
3)Maintains proper pH of body fluids
4)Activation of certain molecules
5)Enables vocalization |
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Term
| Supplying the body with oxygen and disposing of carbon dioxide is the: |
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Definition
| tidal flow of air, rythmic pattern |
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Term
| What are the respiratory organs? |
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Definition
1)Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
2)Pharynx, larynx, and trachea
3)Bronchi and bronchioles
4)Lungs containing alveoli- gas exchange |
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Term
| Air passageways are made up of which organs? |
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Definition
1)Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
2)Pharynx, larynx, and trachea
3)Bronchi and bronchioles |
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Term
| What are the terminal air sacs at the end of bronchioles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Organs of the respiratory system are divided into? |
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Definition
1)Conducting zone – passage way for air
2)Respiratory zone – allow exchange of gases between blood and atmosphere (within lung) |
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Term
| The upper respiratory tract has -- types of mucosa? What are they? |
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Definition
two types of mucosa
1)Olfactory mucosa – houses olfactory receptors (smell) – located on superior concha; upper nasal septum
2)Respiratory mucosa – lines nasal cavity |
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Term
What are the nostrils? What is interior/lateral to them?
What type of epithelium? |
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Definition
External nares.
Vestibule: hairs to trap particles
Stratified squamous epithelium, transistion zone |
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Term
What divides the nasal cavity?
What is the nasal cavity continuous with? What is the opening called? |
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Definition
Nasal cavity divided by – Nasal septum
–Cartilage anterior; bone posterior
•Continuous with nasopharynx
–Choanae – posterior nasal apertures
•Opening between nasal cavity and nasopharynx |
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Term
| What does the respiratory mucosa consists of? |
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Definition
Consists of:
–Ciliated, Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
–Goblet cells within epithelium
•Mucus to trap fine particles (dust)
–Underlying layer of lamina propria (no muscularis mucosa)
•Cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly to be swallowed (or spit out) |
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Term
What are the nasal conchae (turbinates)? Which are part of the ethmoid bone?
How do they project? What coats the surface? |
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Definition
1)Superior- ethmoid bone
2)Middle -ethmoid bone
3)Inferior – a separate bone
•Project medially from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
–Scroll-like projections
–Covered by respiratory mucosa
–Cause turbulent air flow
•Particulate matter – deflected to mucus-coated surfaces; trapped by mucus |
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Term
| What is the groove inferior to each concha called? What do the concha+ the groove do? |
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Definition
•Groove inferior to each concha = Meatus
–Superior meatus, middle meatus, inferior meatus
•Conchae and meatuses
1)Filter air of particulate matter
2)Warm inhaled air
3)Moisten inhaled air: water from mucus coating
•Reclaim heat and moisture from air before exhalation |
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Term
| What are the paranasal sinuses? Function? |
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Definition
Air-filled spaces (4) within skull bones surrounding nasal cavity
1)Frontal
2)Sphenoidal
3)Ethmoidal
4)Maxillary
•Continuous with nasal cavity, mucosa lined – same functions as mucosa in nasal cavity (warm and moisten air, trap dust); also lighten skull |
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Term
| Where is the nasopharynx? What does it do? Which tonsil does it include and where is it? What does it contain? |
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Definition
•Superior to oropharynx
•Only an air passageway
•Closed off during swallowing
•Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
–Located on posterior wall
–Destroys entering pathogens
•Contains the opening to the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube |
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Term
| What is the laryngopharynx? Lined with? Continuous with? |
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Definition
•Passageway for both food and air
•Lined with stratified squamous epithelium
•Continuous with the esophagus and larynx |
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Term
| Where is the larynx? Three funcions? What is it made up of? |
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Definition
Lies at entrance to trachea
•Three functions
–Voice production (contains vocal cords)
–Provides an open airway
–Routes air and food into the proper channels
•Epiglottis
•Mostly cartilage framework
–5 major cartilages
–1 bone (hyoid): aid movements of tongue |
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Term
| What are the cartilage components of the larynx? |
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Definition
•Cartilage components- mostly hyaline cartilage
1)Epiglottis
2)Thyroid cartilage
a)Superior notch
b)Layrngeal prominence
c)Thyrohyoid membrane
3)Cricoid cartilage-
4 and 5) Arytenoid cartilages: |
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Term
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Definition
| elastic cartilage; attaches to posterior tongue – closes off trachea during swallowing |
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Term
| What is thyroid cartilage? |
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Definition
(“shield”): largest, anterior
a)Superior notch
b)Layrngeal prominence
c)Thyrohyoid membrane (ligament) – connective tissue |
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Term
| What is cricoid cartilage? |
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Definition
Cricoid cartilage- ring-shaped; inferior to thyroid cartilage
a)Cricothyroid membrane |
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Term
| What is the arytenoid cartilages? |
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Definition
paired; pyramid-shaped
–Sit on posterior cricoid cartilage
–Anchor vocal cords = vocal ligaments
•Extend between arytenoid and thyroid cartilages
•Space between vocal cords = rima glottidis
–Vocal cords move via movements of arytenoids
–Two types of movement
•Lateral-medial: increase/decrease size of rima glottidis
•Rotation: change length/tension of cords = pitch |
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Term
Voice production:
length of vocal folds determines:
What happens to Males after puberty?
loudness depends on?
- innervation of larynx: |
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Definition
| The Larynx-cont. •Voice production –Length of the vocal folds changes the pitch •Males: after puberty, thyroid cartilage narrows and lengthens – vocal cords elongate (lower pitch) –Loudness depends on the force of air across the vocal folds •Innervation of the larynx – recurrent laryngeal nerves; branch from vagus (cranial nerve X) |
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Term
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Definition
•Descends into the mediastinum
•Divides into two main bronchi
•C-shaped cartilage rings keep airway open
–16-20 in number
•Respiratory epithelium
–Ciliated, pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells
–Cilia move trapped particles in mucous toward pharynx (usually swallowed) |
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Term
What are the:
bronchial tree-
Primary bronchi-
Right Main bronchus- |
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Definition
•Bronchial tree – extensively branching respiratory passageways
–About 23 orders of branching
•Primary bronchi (main bronchi) – largest bronchi
–Right and left primary bronchi
•Right main bronchus – wider and shorter than the left |
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Term
What are the:
1. Secondary (lobar) bronchi
2. Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
3. Bronchioles |
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Definition
1)Secondary (lobar) bronchi
a)Three on the right (right lung has 3 lobes)
b)Two on the left (left lung has 2 lobes)
2)Tertiary (segmental) bronchi – next lecture
a)Branch into different lung segments in each lobe
3)Bronchioles – “little bronchi,” less than 1 mm in diameter
a)Terminal bronchioles – less than 0.5 mm in diameter
a)More next lecture |
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Term
What are the changes along the pathways in the:
Supportive connective tissues
Epithelium
Smooth muscle |
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Definition
•Supportive connective tissues change
–C-shaped rings replaced by cartilage plates in bronchi
•Epithelium changes
–First, ciliated, pseudostratified columnar (to 1o bronchi)
–Replaced by simple columnar (smaller bronchi; larger bronchioles), then simple cuboidal epithelium in smallest bronchioles
•Smooth muscle becomes important
–Contraction/relaxation changes diameter
–Small amount in trachea, reduce lumen during coughing, etc
–More important in bronchioles; regulate air flow to lung |
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