Term
| more than 95 percent of primary lung cancers are..? |
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Definition
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Term
| metastatic tumors of the lungs begin...? |
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Definition
| at the epitheleal lining of the major bronchi |
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Term
| how do we get local areas of hemorrhage with lung cancer? |
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Definition
| when the cancer udnergoes central necrosis |
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Term
| What 4 categories can lung cancer be subdivided into? |
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Definition
| squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma |
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Term
| For the purposes of staging, cancers are commonly identified as? |
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Definition
| small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) or non small lung carcinoma (NSCLC) |
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Term
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Definition
| small about the size of a lymphocyte. grow in clusters. huge association with smoking. |
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Term
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Definition
| they may arise from neuroendocrine cells of the bronchial epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| highly malignant and tend to infiltrate easily, brain metastases are common |
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Term
| non small cell lung cancers |
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Definition
| tey are a part of squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma's and large cell carcinoma's |
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Term
| non small lung cancers have the cpacity to synthesize? |
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Definition
| bioactive products and produce paraneoplastic syndromes. |
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Term
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Definition
| common in men and smokers. originates in central bronchi. produces hypercalcemia |
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Term
| how does sqaumous cell carcinoma spread? |
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Definition
| spreads from central bronchi to the lymph nodes and disseminates at the thorax |
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Term
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Definition
| most common with women. originte in alveolar or bronchiolar tissue. has scarring. |
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Term
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Definition
| poor prognosis due to intense spreading. originate in periphery of the lung |
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Term
| what are the most common sites of cancer metastasis? |
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Definition
| the brain, the bones, and the liver |
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Term
| what are some early symptoms of lung cancer? |
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Definition
| chronic cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, hemoptyosis, restrosternal pain |
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Term
| where are pain receptors of the chest located? |
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Definition
| parietal pleura, mediastinum, blood vessels and peribronchial afferent vagal fiber's |
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Term
| tumors that invade the mediastinum may cause..? |
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Definition
| hoarseness and difficulty swallowing bc of compression of the esophagus |
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Term
| superior vena cava syndrom is? |
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Definition
| interuption of blood flow to a vessel from compression of a tumor. stops draining. |
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Term
| paraneoplastic disorders are unrelated to? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some more long term symptoms of lung cancer? |
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Definition
| watsting of muscles in pelvis/shoulder girdles, decreased deep tendon reflexes |
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Term
| NSCLC's are classified according to..? |
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Definition
| cell types (i.e.squamous cell carcinoma) and are staged using the TNM staging system |
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Term
| what are SCLC's not staged? |
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Definition
| because it is assumed that there are micormetastasis's already present |
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Term
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Definition
| the reduction in O2 lovels. |
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Term
| hypoexemia can result from |
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Definition
| an inadequate amount of O2 in the air, disease of respiratory system |
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Term
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Definition
| inadequate circulation of blood and mismatching of ventilation and perfussion |
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Term
| how does hyoexemia produce it's effects ? |
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Definition
| through the tissues via hypoxia and compensatory mechanism's |
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Term
| what are the compensatory mechanism's? |
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Definition
| the way the body reacts to low oxygen and tries to adapt to the lowered oxygen |
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Term
| if pO2 falls bellow a certain level what happens? |
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Definition
| aerobic metabolism will cease and anaerobic metabolism takes over. |
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Term
| anearobic metabolism causes |
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Definition
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Term
| an increase in lactic acid will cause what to happen to the bodies ph and serum? |
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Definition
| serum lactate levels will increase and acidosis will occur |
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Term
| what are some symptoms of hypoexemia? |
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Definition
| increased heart rate and BP, diaphoresis, change in mental status and visual acuity |
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Term
| what are some of the lab results of hypoexemia? |
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Definition
| PO2 is 60 mmhg and hemoglobin saturation is 90% |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of O2 dissolved in the blood |
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Term
| very pronounce hypoexmia causes what symptoms? |
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Definition
| personality changes, restlessnes, euphoria,delerium, stupor, coma, coma |
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Term
| how does the body compensate for chronic hypoexemia? |
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Definition
| by increased ventilation, pulmonary vasocontriction,increased RBC release |
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Term
| what does polycythemia cause? |
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Definition
| it increases red blood cell concentration and oxygen carrying capacity |
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Term
| what hemoglobin levels do we need for cyanosis to occur? |
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Definition
| 5g/dL of deoxygenated blood |
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Term
| who is least likely to exhibite cyanosis? |
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Definition
| people with anemia and low hemoglobin counts |
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Term
| t or f: a person with a high hemoglobin count due to polycythemia can be cyanotic wihtout being hypoxic |
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Definition
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Term
| what do we use to treat angina? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| whatare the two types of cyanosis? |
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Definition
| central and peripheral. central found in mouth, peripheral in arms and legs etc |
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Term
| the analysis of arterial blood gases gives us a direct measure of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| it reflects the bodies extraction and utilization of of O2 at the tissue levels |
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Term
| where do we get venous blood samples? |
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Definition
| from a pulmonary catheter or a central line |
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Term
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Definition
| it is an indicator of alterations in diffusion of O2 at the lung level |
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Term
| how do we determine the PF ratio? |
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Definition
| it is the ratior between the arterial PO2 and the inspired oxygen (FiO2) |
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Term
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Definition
| the concentration of oxygen being breathed in. Ex 40 percent oxygen via nasal cannula. |
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Term
| what is a normal PF ratio? |
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Definition
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Term
| oxygen at high concentrations can lead to? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| incomplete expansion or portion of a lung. |
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Term
| what are some cause of atelastasis? |
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Definition
| airway obstruction, lung compression, and loss of surfactant |
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Term
| what are the two types of atelactasis found in babies? |
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Definition
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Term
| primary atelactasis of the newborn |
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Definition
| the lung was never inflated, found in premature or high risk babies |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in infants who begin repirations but later on experiences problems inflating |
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Term
| respiratory distress in the newborn |
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Definition
| lack of surfactant, causes ssecondary atelactasis |
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Term
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Definition
| tachypnea, tachycardia,dyspnea,cyanosis, signs of hypoexemia, no breath sounds |
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Term
| if the collapsed area of the lung is large then...? |
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Definition
| the mediastinum and trachea move to the affected side |
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Term
| in there is compression atelactasis then ..? |
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Definition
| the medastinum moves away from the affected lung |
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Term
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Definition
| blood born substance lodges in a branch of the pulmonary artery and obstructs blood |
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Term
| almost all pulmonary emboli and thrombie that originate from...? |
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Definition
| DVT in the lower extremities |
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Term
| obstruction of the pulmonary blood flow causes? |
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Definition
| bronchoconstriction, wasted ventilation, impaired gas exchange,loss of surfactant |
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Term
| a large embolus that causes massive vasoconstriction can produce? |
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Definition
| pulmonary hypertension and right sided heart failure |
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Term
| what can cause a venous thrombosis? |
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Definition
| venous stasis, endotheleal injury, hypercoaguability |
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Term
| what are symptoms of a pulmonary embolism? |
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Definition
| chest pain, dyspnea, increased respiratory rates, hypoexemia |
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Term
| symptoms of people wth moderate emboli? |
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Definition
| pleureitic pain, breathlessness, slight fever, blood streaked sputnum |
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Term
| patients with massive emboli present with what symptoms? |
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Definition
| shock, sudden collapse, rapid pulse, low BP, neck veins are distended, diaphoretic |
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Term
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Definition
| moucus secreting goblet cells |
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Term
| what is the function of the conducting repiratory system? |
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Definition
| warmign air, cleaning air |
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Term
| what are the parts of the conducting repiratory system? |
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Definition
| nose, mouth, pharynx,trachea, bronchi, bronchioles. |
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Term
| the anatomic dead air space has? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| flow of blood in the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of gases between lungs and blood |
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Term
| inflation and deflation depends on...? |
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Definition
| respiratory pressures, repiratory compliance (to inflate) and airway resistance (asthma) |
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Term
| t or f: inspiration is an active process where as expiration is a passive process? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| chest cavity increases, intrathoracic pressure bcomes negative, air comes in |
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Term
|
Definition
| recoil of chest muscles, decrease in size of chest cavity, pressure in chest to increase |
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Term
| t or f: surfactant lines the alveoli? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| lowers surface tension, evens inflation, prevents pulmonary edema, increases lung compliance |
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Term
| what prevents alveoli from collapsing? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| true or false: pulmonary artery flow must be greater than pulonary venous pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| if the pulmonary venous pressure is greater than the arterial pressure, what happens? |
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Definition
| there will be left sided heart failure = pulmonary edema |
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Term
| what is a normal blood ph? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| can easily bind to O2 and CO2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the combination of hemoglobin and oxygen |
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Term
| t or f: when hypoxia NO longer exists it will restore blood flow to that area. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| prolonged hypoxia of the lungs can cause? |
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Definition
| pulmonary hypertension and increased workload of th right side of the heart |
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Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal ventilation/ perfussion ratio. (V/Q) most common cause of hypoexemia! |
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Term
| hypoexemia causes...continued... |
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Definition
| hypoventilation and diffusion abnormalities |
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Term
| t or f: equal amounts of air and blood enter the lungs |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| blood moves from the venous to the arterial circulation without first going to the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| blood moving through unventilated parts of the lungs |
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Term
| what are some pulmonary causes of shunting? |
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Definition
| hemorrhage, atelactasis, collapse, pulmonary edema, pneumonia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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