Term
| What are the 5 functions of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| The 5 functions of the respiratory system are gas exhange between air and blood, moving air to/from the lungs, protection of respiratory surfaces, production of sound and promotion of olfaction. |
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Term
| The respiratory system is divided into two "systems." What are they? |
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Definition
| Upper and lower respiratory systems |
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Term
| The nose and nasal cavity adn teh paranasal sinuses and pharynx are part of what RS? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli are all part of what RS? |
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Definition
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Term
| The respiratory tract(s) are the..... |
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Definition
| air conducting passageways |
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Term
| What does the upper respiratory passages do? |
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Definition
| Filters and humidifies incoming air |
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Term
| What does the lower respiratory passages is described as what? What does it have? |
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Definition
| The lower resipratory passages is described as delicate conduction passages and has avlveolar exchange surfaces. |
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Term
| The pharynx is shared by what two systems? |
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Definition
| the digestive and respiratory systems |
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Term
| Name and describe the 3 parts of the pharynx |
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Definition
| (1) The nasopharynx is the superior portion, (2) the oropharynx is continuous with the oral cavity and (3) the laryngopharynx is between the hyoid bone and the esophagus. |
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Term
| What are the 6 types of cartilages found in the larynx? |
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Definition
Tammy Arnold Cringed Effortlessly Causing Cramps
Thyroid, Cricoid, Arytnoid, Corniculate, Cuneiform, and Epigolottis |
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Term
| Epithelium cobers teh ligaments between which two cartilages in the larynx? |
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Definition
| Between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages |
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Term
| What covers the vestibular ligament of the larynx? |
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Definition
| The inelastic vestibular folds |
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Term
| What covers the vocal ligaments (AKA vocal cords)? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are sound waves produced? |
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Definition
| Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds, producing sound waves. |
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Term
| Pitch depends on the condition of vocal _____. Such as _____, ______ and ______. |
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Definition
| folds; diameter, length and tension |
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Term
| How is the bronchiole tree divided? |
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Definition
| Primary, Secondary and Tertiary bronchi....and then bronchioles |
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Term
| The secondary bronchi is also called what? How many are there per lobe? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of the bronchiole tree supplies a bronchopulmonary segment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the tertiary bronchi? |
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Definition
| The tertiary bronchi has less cartilage and more smooth muscle as branching increases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Terminal (no cartilage but has smooth muscle) and Respiratory (ducts and sacs) bronchioles. |
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Term
| The respiratory membrane consists of the interface between waht two "membranes?" |
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Definition
| consists of the interface between the alveolar (air sacs) membrane and the capillaries of the lung |
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Term
| What type of cells make up the alveolar membrane/cells? |
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Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
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Term
| What type of cells make up capillaries and what does this mean for the membrane? |
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Definition
| cells of the capillary membrane are simple squamous epithelium and this creates a very thin membrane for efficient gas exchange |
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Term
| How does the alveolar membrane and the capillaries stick/hold together (respiratory membrane)? |
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Definition
| Fused basement membranes (of the alveolus and capillary) |
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Term
| What does the repiratory membrane consist of? |
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Definition
| The fused basement membrane between the alveolar membrane and the capillaries of the lung, septal cells and alveolar macrophages. |
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Term
| What do septal cells produce? |
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Definition
| Surfactant (balloon from sticking) |
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Term
| What is the purpose of septal cells? |
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Definition
| prevents the collapse of the alveoli |
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Term
| What are the 3 serous membranes of the lungs? |
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Definition
| The visceral pleura, parietal pleura and teh pleural fluid |
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Term
| What serous membrane covers each lung? |
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Definition
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Term
| What serous membrane covers teh walls of the pleural cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of pleural fluid? |
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Definition
| Pleural fluid lubricates the space between the lungs and the chest and equilizes the space between the visceral and parietal pleura |
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Term
| What are internal respirations and where does it normally occur? |
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Definition
| Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between interstitial fluid and cells and normally occurs in the tissues. |
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Term
| What are external respirations and where do they occur? |
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Definition
| External respiration is the exchange of gases between interstitial fluid and the external environment and occurs in the lungs. |
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Term
| What are the 3 steps of external respiration? |
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Definition
| (1) pulmonary ventilation (constant exchange of air), (2) gas diffusion (down its concentration gradient) and (3) transportation of O2 and CO2 (the interface with internal respiration) |
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Term
| What are the 3 factors controlling ventilation? |
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Definition
| (1) Boyle's law, (2) pressure and airflow to/from the lungs and (3) compliance (expandability of the lungs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Pressure and volume are inversely proportional and volume is controlled by the diaphragm and the ribs |
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Term
| What determines the direction of air flow? |
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Definition
| Intrapulmonary vs. atmospheric pressure |
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Term
| What maintains the pull on the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the intrapleural pressure located and what is its prupose? |
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Definition
| Intrapleural pressure is location in the space between the parietal and visceral pleura and its serous fluid provides surface tension to keep the parietal and visceral pleura stuck together |
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Term
| In refrence to intrapleural pressure, what is the pleural space? |
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Definition
| The pleural space is more of a potential space |
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Term
| Will the intrapleural pressure be negative or postive? What might be a complication? |
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Definition
| The intrapleural pressure must be negative. If not a pneumothorax will result causing the lung to collapse |
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Term
| What are the mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation? |
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Definition
| It expands laterally and anteriorly/posteriorly (cranial caudual expansion at the diaphragm) |
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Term
| What is the tidal volume? |
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Definition
| The tidal volume is how much air is moved in one cycle of a single cycle of inhalatoin and exhalation |
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Term
| What are the two mechanisms of breathing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is eupnea? How is this caused? |
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Definition
| Eupnea is quiet breathing caused by the diaphragm and external and internal intercostal muscles |
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Term
| What is hyperpnea? What muscles are involved? |
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Definition
| Hyperpnea is forced breathing. Accessory muslces are involved such as the sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, scalene, obliques (forced experation), and the rectus abdominis (pulls/expands the ribs) |
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Term
| What percent of O2 is carried by hemoglobin in RBC's? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the remander of oxygen in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount of O2 hemoglobin (Hb) carries is dependent on what 3 factors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Bohr Effect do? |
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Definition
| The Bohr Effect increases the efficiency of gas exchange |
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Term
| What do we use hemoglobin as a transport molecule? |
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Definition
| O2 has a low solubility coefficient so it doesn't stay in a solution well |
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Term
| Why is CO2 transported in teh plasma as a dissolved gas? |
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Definition
| CO2 has a higher solubility coefficient than O2 |
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Term
| What does the Bohr Effect state as the partial pressure of CO2 increases? |
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Definition
| the hemoglobin releases O2 more rapidly |
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Term
| What does the Bohr Effect state as teh partial pressure of CO2 decreases? |
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Definition
| less O2 is released by hemoglobin |
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Term
| Why can CO2 diffuse into the capillaries? |
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Definition
| In the tissues the partial pressure of CO2 is high and very soluble |
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Term
| Becuase the partial pressure of CO2 is high and very soluble, it ______ the CO2 concentration int eh blood and cuases the hemoglobin molecules to do what? |
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Definition
| increases; this causes the hemoglobin molecules to release the O2 and this will diffus across the membrane into the tissue |
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Term
| Is the CO2 concentration high or low in teh blood coming form the pulmonary artery to the lungs? What about the alveoli? |
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Definition
| high; in the alveoli it is very low |
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Term
| Why will CO2/O2 (?) diffuse rapidy from the blood to the alveoli? |
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Definition
| The CO2 concentration is high in the blood coming from the pulmonary artery to the lungs and very low in the alveoli |
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Term
| How does hemoglobin interact with O2 in the lungs and tissues? |
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Definition
| Hemoglobin binds O2 in teh lungs and releases it in the tissues |
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Term
| What lowers the concetration of CO2 in the blood? |
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Definition
| CO2 will rapidly diffuse from the blood to the alveoli because the CO2 concetration is high in the blood coming from the pulmonary artery to the lungs and very low in the alveoli (allowing it to diffuse out) |
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Term
| Why will the O2 diffusing in the blood bind readily to the hemoglobin? |
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Definition
| O2 will bing readily with hemoglobin becasue the CO2 levels/concentrations in the blood are low |
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Term
| What are the effects of pH on Hb (= the Bohr Effect)? |
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Definition
As pH decreases (more acidic), O2 affinity will decrease
Directly proportional |
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Term
| What type of pH will metabolically active tissues have? |
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Definition
| metabolically active tissues will have a lower pH |
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Term
| Why will metabolically active tissues have a lower pH? |
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Definition
| Carbonic acid and lactic acid and O2 is released more easily from Hb |
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Term
| What is teh effect of temperature on Hb saturation? |
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Definition
As temperature decreases, O2 affinity will increase
Inversely proportional |
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Term
| Will active tissues have a higher or lower temperature? Why? |
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Definition
| Active tissues will have a higher temperature because O2 is released more easily from hemoglobin |
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Term
| What enchances Hb/O2 binding? |
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Definition
| Lower temperatures in the lungs |
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Term
| Where does fetal Hb pick up maternal O2? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between fetal and adult hemoglobin? |
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Definition
| fetal Hb has a higher affinity for O2 than adult Hb |
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Term
| What percent of CO2 is dissolved as a gas in blood plasma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percent of CO2 is bound to Hb? What is this called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the blood buffer equation? |
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Definition
| CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H(+) + HCO3(-) |
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Term
| What are H(+) ions buffered by? |
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Definition
| H(+) ions are buffered by Hb and other pH buffers |
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Term
| What do HCO3(-) inside cells exchange for? What is this called? |
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Definition
| HCO3(-) inside the cells exchange Cl(-) outside the cell; this is called the chlordie shift |
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Term
| What is teh local control of gas exchange in active tissues? |
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Definition
| Po2 is down and Pco2 is up |
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Term
| Pertaining to the local control of gas exchange, what do the arteriole smooth muscles do in active tissues? What does this cause? |
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Definition
| The arteriole smooth muscle relaxes, which increases the local blood flow where needed |
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Term
| Pertaining to the local control of gas exchange, what is the reaction of the alveolar capillaries in low O2? |
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Definition
| the capillareis constrict and blood shunts to other, oxygenated alveoli |
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Term
| Pertaining to the local control of gas exchange, what do the bronchioles do in high carbon dioxide? Why? |
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Definition
| teh bronchioles dilate because inhaled air ventilates alveoli containing the most CO2, flushing it out |
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Term
| What are considered the respiratory peacemakers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two medullary centers? |
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Definition
| the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and teh ventral respiratory group (VRG) |
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Term
| What medullary center control quiet breathing? |
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Definition
| the dorasal respiratory group (DRG) |
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Term
| What type of breathing does the ventral respiratory group involve? What meuscles are incorporated? |
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Definition
| forced breathing; incorporating accessory muslces |
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Term
| What adjusts the output of the medullary centers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the apneustic centers of the pons promote? |
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Definition
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Term
| What inhibits the apneustic center of the pons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the pneumotaxic center of the pons promote? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is breathing modified by? |
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Definition
| breathing is modifiedby sensory information |
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Term
| Pco2, pH or Po2 respond to what reflexes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name for increase Pco2 levels in the arterial blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name for decreased levels of Pco2 in the arterial blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the BP falls, what do baroreceptors reflexes do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do Hering-Breuer relfexes do? |
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Definition
| Hering-Breuer reflexes prevent excessive lung inflation or deflation |
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Term
| What are two protecting relfexes and their causes? |
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Definition
| Sneezing (nasal irritation) and coughing (irritation of the larynx, trachea or bronchi) |
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