Term
Where does the (structural) lower respiratory system start?
What structure and substructures does it include? (1,3) |
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Definition
Trachea
Trachea -> bronchi, bronchioles, lungs |
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Term
Name the first functional zone
- What is its main job
- What does it include? specifically? (5)
- What other jobs does it have? Specifically? (4) |
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Definition
Conductive zone:
- in charge of passing air into lungs
- All airways: nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles
- Preparing air: thermoregulation, moisturization, filtering air, vocalization |
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Term
Name the second functional zone
- Start where, end where (specific)
- Function |
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Definition
Respiratory zone:
- Start: respiratory bronchioles, end: lung tissue deep to the alveoli
- Exchange of gases |
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Term
[image]
- Name this region, the __ part of respiratory system
- What is it made up of, generally (2)
- Read the four arrows off by heart
- What does the septal cartilage do?
- What does the alar cartilage do?
- What type of cartilage in this region |
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Definition
- External nose, FIRST
- Bone and cartilage
- Separates right and left cartilage like a septum
- Forms wall of nostril
- HYLINE |
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Term
[image]
1. Name this region - aka?
2. What is the roof (aka?) formed by? What CN passes through it's holes?
3. _ on this slide is removed so you can see the _ wall
4. Entrance called?
5. What is the small space above nostril, area of nose covered by short hairs CALLED?
6. What is the other name for posterior nasal aperture? What opening is this (direction) and was does it connect to?
7. What are the curvy shells on Lateral side of nasal cavity called? (3 directions). What do they do physically? How does this help air preparation (3 factors)
8. What tunnel is below the three shells? What drains/exits here? |
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Definition
1. Internal nose (nasal cavity)
2. Superior wall is formed by cribriform plate of ethmoid bone, CN I fibres pass through here
3. Septum, Lateral
4. Nostril
5. Vestibule
6. Coana - posterior opening, connects to pharynx
7. Nasal concha (superior, middle, inferior). Increase SA of respiratory epithelium. Helps in moisturization, thermoregulation and filtering)
8. Meatuses - paranasal sinuses drain here
* Name arrowed areas off by heart |
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Term
[image]
1) T or F: Frontal sinuses are usually connected together and are unique to each person like fingerprints.
2) Where are the ethmoid sinuses embedded?
3) Where are sphenoid sinuses contained?
4) Maxillary sinus: __ cavities embedded w/in __ |
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Definition
1) T
2) Ethmoid bone
3) Sphenoid bone
4) LARGEST, Maxillary
* Know diagram labels by heart |
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Term
A) Why do I need sinuses? (3 points)
B) All sinuses open to __ ___ and drain secretion into it |
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Definition
A)
1) Makes skull lighter
2) Lined w/ resp. epithelium i.e. increases SA of this epithelium
3) Helps in all aspects of air preparation (filtering, moisture, thermoreg. and VOICE RESONATION)
B) Nasal cavity |
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Term
1) The pharynx starts at _ of _ and ends at _ at the level of what vertebral level?
2) Divides into 3 sections based on what other cavity it is sitting __
3) Name three divisions and where they sit |
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Definition
1) Base of skull --> esophogus AT LEVEL OF CVI
2) Behind
3) a. Nasopharynx – sits immediately behind nasal cavity
b. Oropharynx – sits posterior to oral cavity
c. Laryngopharynx– most distal part, sits immediately
behind larynx |
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Term
[image]
1) T or F: Pharynx is a passageway for BOTH air and food
2) Where do the pharyngeal tonsils sit?
3) What is the Pharygotympanic/auditory tube? Where is it located? Connects what to what? Why?
4) In babies the Pharygotympanic/auditory tube is ___ while in adults it is ___, so if a baby has a thorat infection, keep it on it's __
5) Where are the palatine tonsils located? |
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Definition
1) T
2) Nasopharynx
3) A large opening in the nasopharynx.
- Connects pharynx to middle ear to balance pressure of air in middle ear
4) Horizontal, oblique, back
5) Wall of oropharynx
* Learn labels by heart |
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Term
1) T of F: the pharynx is an airway
2) It is made of _ cartilages and _ cartilages. Which one is more important? |
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Definition
1) T
2) Single, paired. Single are more important |
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Term
| First a fun fact: thyroid = "CHIN" [image] Single Cartilages of pharynx: 1) Connected together by some _ and _ 2) Name an important one that has superior horns connected to the __ bone by an important ligament called __ ligament. The rest of this cartilage is attached to hyoid bone by __ membrane. 3) It is composed of _ plates of _ attached together _ but _, they are wide open. Where it attaches together, it forms a _ called the _ _ (aka?) 4) Name another single cartilage of pharynx (ring-shaped) 5) What does it connect to? With what (2) 6) What is the most superior single cartilage called? |
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Definition
1) Membranes & Cartilage
2) Thyroid cartilage, hyoid, thyrohyoid ligament. Thyrohyoid membrane
3) Two plates of cartilage, attached anteriorly, posteriorly. Ridge called Laryngeal Eminence (aka Adam's apple)
4) Cricoid cartilage
5) Trachea by cricotracheal membrane & ligaments
6) Epiglottis
*Labels by heart |
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Term
Larynx:
[image]
1) Posterior part of the __ is wider than the anterior
2)Right above cricoid is the most important paired cartilage. What's it called? What shape? type of cartilage? What attaches here? (1)
3) The __ vocal cord only produces voice
4) Name the 3 paired cartilages
5) Vocal folds are stretched b/w the __ and the __ cartilages.
6) How does this generate voice?
7) How do vocal chords move? (by which type of muscles, innervated by what?) |
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Definition
1) Cricoid
2) Arytenoid cartilage, puramidal shape, hyoid cartilage, true vocal cord
3) True
4) - Arytenoid cartilage (recall: most important)
- Corniculate cartilage
- Cuniform cartilage
5) arytenoid, thyroid
6) The two vocal folds come to midline, air pushes out from lungs, the air vibrates the folds and this generates voice. When you are silent, the folds are gaping open.
7) 9 pairs of skeletal muscles which are attached to all these cartilages that we’ve named (the skeletal muscle names don’t matter). By moving the cartillages, they change the position and tension of the vocal folds to create low or high pitch. All of these muslces are innervated by CN X. |
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Term
[image]
[image]
1) What division marks the beginning of larynx? At which cord?
2) What is the ventricle? What does it's size and depth determine?
3) What area sits below the true vocal cords?
4) Epiglottis is covered by _ of _
5) What is the glottis? (gap b/w...) |
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Definition
1) Vestibule of Larynx
2) Gap b/w true and false vocal cords, decides how deep your voice can get
3) Infraglotic area
4) folds of larynx
5) gap b/w TRUE vocal cords |
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Term
| Larynx ends at what vertebral level? Same as what? What does it meet here? |
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Definition
| CVI, same as larygopharynx, meets trachea here |
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Term
TRACHEA
[image]
1)Trachea starts at level of __ and ends at level of _/_ b/c it is only in _ mediastinum
2) Trachea skeleton formed by __ rings of __ cartilage, opened at __ side. The posterior side instead has __ muscles and membrane.
3) Why don’t they form complete rings?
4) What is the bifurcation point marked by V shaped cartilage called?
5) The primary/main bronchus are the (L&R) __ of trachea, which divides into _/_ _ --> divides into _ generation called _/_ bronchus (not labelled but know)
6) How many times do they divide?
7) T or F: The left side is wider & more in line with trachea. |
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Definition
1) CVI, TIV/TV, Superior
2) incomplete, hyaline, posterior. Smooth.
3) Allows neighbouring esophagus w/ food going down it to expand
4) Carina
5) Divisions, secondary/lobar bronchus, 3rd, tertiary/segmental bronchus.
6) ~25 times!
7) F: the RIGHT side is. |
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Term
| If a coin is swallowed by a kid, which trachea (side) is it probably in? What do you do? |
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Definition
| Right side, lie them on left side and pat them on the back, so it can re-enter trachea and allow them to cough it up |
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Term
| Airways after the secondary bronchi are contained within what tissue? So the next generation is inside this. |
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Definition
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Term
LUNGS:
[image]
[image]
For each lung...
1) How many borders? Names?
2) How many surfaces? Names and facing what?
3) The highest point of the lungs is the ...?
4) What is found on the medial surface? What gets in and out of here?
5) Each hilum has what 3 main things?
6) Each lung carries some _ _ but L&R are different. Both carry an _ fissure which divide the lung into _/_ lobe and _/_ lobe.
7) The RIGHT lung has one extra fissure called _/_ fissure (therefore how many lobes does the right lung have? names?)
8) Does this mean the left lung is smaller? |
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Definition
1) 3 Borders: Anterior, Posterior and Inferior
2) 3 Surfaces:
- Medial/mediastinal surface (facing towards mediastinum&heart),
- Inferior/diaphragmatic surface (touches diaphragm),
- Lateral/costal surface (faces ribs)
3) Apex
4) Hilum, major blood vessels and airways
5) pulmonary artery (in blue), pulmonary veins, and of course bronchus
6) Deep fissures, oblique, upper/superior lobe and lower/inferior lobe
7) horizontal/transverse. Therefore it has 3 lobes: superior/upper, lower/inferior and MIDDLE
8) NO
* Labels by heart |
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Term
Clinical significance of cardiac notch:
This __-side notch allows direct access to __ for needle insertion, which is unique b/c __ is mostly covered by __ and right __. This space is b/w the _/_ intercostal spaces on __ side, one or two inches away from midline. If someone goes into __ __, the Doctor can directly insert adrenaline into one of these two spaces. |
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Definition
| Left, heart, heart, sternum, lung. 4th/5th, left, cardiac arrest. |
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Term
Some terminal branches of trachea:
[image]
1) What is lost from bronchi as it keeps shrinking and shrinking past tertiary bronchi? After the final loss, bronchi changes name to __?
2) __ keep dividing to the point where they become __ __ -> __ __ , which ventilates air into __.
3) The connection b/w what and what marks the 1st part of the respiratory system where gas exchange is possible? Why? |
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Definition
1) Hyaline cartilage, bronchioles
2) Bronchioles, terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles, alveoli
3) Alveoli & respiratory bronchioles, b/c walls are thin enough to allow gas exchange |
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Term
PLEURA -> LUNGS:
1) Like the heart, lungs have _ layers of _ membrane
2) What does the word "Hilum" indicate. What structures does this mean for the lungs? (3)
3) Name the 2 layers of serous membrane and their location |
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Definition
1) two, serous
2) Area through the organ through which major blood vessels may get in and out. For lungs this is pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, and bronchus.
3) a - PARIETAL pleura (outer), lines the thoracic surface of wall
b - VISCERAL pleura (inner), Continues into the depth of the fissures of the lung. |
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Term
PLEURAL CAVITY:
What is it?
What does it contain? |
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Definition
- Space b/w the 2 layers of serous membrane
- Serous fluid |
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Term
[image]
* LEARN LABELS *
1) Where does the apex extend?
2) What is the base of lung AKA? What does it touch? hence the name...
3) What does the cardiac notch give direct access to? |
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Definition
1) above clavicle
2) AKA inferior/diaphragmatic surface touches diaphragm
3) HEART |
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Term
[image]
1) What is the most important recess shown here?
2) It is the _ part of the pleural cavity.
3) _ or _ _ accumulates here if something is wrong.
4) What rib level does the ... start at:
a) Anterior side?
b) Lateral side?
c) Posterior? |
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Definition
1) Costodiaphragmatic recess
2) Lowest
3) Pus or serous fluid
4) a) ANTERIOR - RIB 6
b) LATERAL -RIB 10
c) POSTERIOR - RIB 12 |
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Term
1) T or F:
a) L&R lungs start ANTERIORLY at rib 7
b) L&R lungs start LATERALLY at rib 8
c) L&R lungs start POSTERIORLY at rib 8 |
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Definition
1) a) FALSE: they start ANTERIORLY at RIB 6
b) TRUE
c) FALSE: they start POSTERIORLY at RIB 10
concrete this in yo mind guuuuuurl. |
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Term
INNERVATION OF PLEURA:
1) What fibres (that supply lung tissue) innervates the part touching the lungs (AKA?)
2) What nerves (somatic or autonomic?) innervate the parietal pleura?
3) What's the similarity and difference b/w somatic and autonomic? |
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Definition
1) AUTONOMIC fibres supply VISCERAL PLEURA
2) Intercostal (SOMATIC) nerves supply PARIETAL PLEURA
3) Similarity: both collect pain senses
Difference:
Somatic = sharp pain, brain can localize it
Autonomic = dull pain, brain can't localize it |
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Term
NERVE / BLOOD SUPPLY: Nasal cavity and para-nasal sinuses
1) Which cranial nerve transmits sense of smell to nasal cavity?
- Where does it start?
2) Which other cranial nerve (& division) conveys general sensation to mucosal membrane of nasal cavity and para-nasal sinuses?
3) Which branch of what artery supplies nasal cavity & para-nasal sinuses? |
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Definition
1) CN I (Olfactory nerve) which starts from olfactory receptor neurons at the roof of the nasal cavity
2) Maxillary division of CN V
3) Maxillary branch of external carotid artery |
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Term
NERVE / BLOOD SUPPLY: Pharynx
1) CN V (Maxillary division), CN IX, & CN X respectively innervate mucosal membrane of which pharynx sections?
2) What artery's branches supply pharynx? |
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Definition
1)
- Nasopharynx - CN V (Maxillary divison)
- Oropharynx - CN IX
- Laryngopharynx - CN X
2) Branches of External carotid arteries |
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Term
NERVE / BLOOD SUPPLY: Larynx
1) The mucosal membrane and intrinsic muscles of larynx are innervated by CN _
2) Larynx is supplies by which branch of external carotid artery, and which branch of subclavian artery? |
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Definition
1) CN V
2)
- Superior thyroid branch (of External carotid)
&
- Thyrocervical branch of subclavian artery |
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Term
NERVE / BLOOD SUPPLY: Trachea
1) Which arteries supply it?
2) The cervical _ trunks/chains and _ nerve (cranial) innervate trachea |
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Definition
1) Subclavian arteries
2) Sympathetic, vagus (CN X) |
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Term
NERVE / BLOOD SUPPLY: Lungs
1) Mediastinal surface: Generally, there is one _ artery that carries _ blood from the _ ventricle to the lung and two pulmonary _ that convey _ blood from lung to _ _
2) Lung tissue is innervated by the _ and _ branches of the _ plexus located at the bifurcation of _ and formed by the _ nerve (cranial) and _ nerves arising from _ horns of T1-_ segments of spinal cord.
3) Which nerve constricts the bronchioles?
4) Which nerve(s) dilate the bronchioles?
5) What arteries arise from the thoracic aorta? After passing through _, they supply oxygen and nutrients to _ tissue |
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Definition
1) pulmonary, deoxygenated, right, veins, oxygenated, left atrium
2) afferent, efferent, pulmonary, trachea, vagus, sympathetic, lateral, T4
3) Vagus nerve (CN X)
4) Sympathetic nerves
5) Bronchiole arteries, hilum, lung |
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Term
NERVE / BLOOD SUPLLY: Pleura
1) One similar nerve supply that innervates lung tissue innervates the visceral layer of pleura - what is this?
2) Which nerves sensitize the parietal pleura?
(Same as supply for thoracic cavity wall) |
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Definition
1) Sympathetic nerve fibres from lateral horns of T1-T4
2) Somatic nerves (i.e. phrenic and upper intercostal nerves) |
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