consists of the respiratory passageways extending through the head, neck, and trunk, and the lungs themselves

includes the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx.

consists of passageways that serve primarily to transport air.

--any large passageway

--move air in and out through a tube--no aleveoli associated with their walls

consists of structures that participate in gas exchange with the blood.

--any tube associated with alveoli--purpose is to conduct air and allow for gas exchange

underlies the epithelium; it houses both mucus and serous glands.

--glands located here

produced from the combined secretions of the goblet cells, mucus glands, and serous glands.

--acts as a filter

--on top of the cilia, constantly produced

--most is swallowed and stomach acid kills things in it

--contained in mucus secretions

--a protein that increases viscosity of mucus to more effectivly trap dust, dirt particles, microorganisms, and pollen

extends from the nostrils to paired openings call choanae, which lead to the pharynx

--2 of these

--superior, middle and inferior ones

--paired bony projections that produce turbulence in inhaled air

--on the lateral wall

--tunnels under the conchae

--inferior to each pair of nasal conchae

located immediately internal to the nostrils and is lined by skin and coarse hairs called vibrissae (to catch materials in the air we breathe)

--one of three regions of the nasal cavities

--one of three regions of the nasal cavity

--the superior portion of the nasal cavity and contains the olfactory epithelium.

--nerve endings for smell

--one of three regions of the nasal cavities

--the main portion of the nasal cavity

--filtering, conditioning, and conducting air

--to warm, cleanse, and humidify air as it enters the respiratory tract

--conduct and condition air--preparing air to come in contact w/ alveoli

--around the nose

--a cavity surround by bone--has a mucous membrane

--spaces within the skull bones

--include the paired frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary sinus and sphenoidal sinuses

a funnel-shaped passageway that is located posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx.

--has three regions

--Air is conducted along its entire length, and both air and food pass through its inferior portions.

--the superior most region of the pharynx

--It extends from the choanae to the tip of the soft palate.

--lateral walls house paired openings into auditory tubes that connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear.

--pharyngeal tonsil is located on posterior wall; it is called the adenoids when enlarged

the middle pharyngeal region and is immediately posterior to the oral cavity.

--extends from the tip of the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone.

--the palatine tonsils tonsils are located on lateral walls

--the lingual tonsils are at the base of the tongue

a common passageway for food and air.

is the inferior, narrowed region of the pharynx located posterior to the larynx.

lies between the hyoid bone and the superior portion of the esophagus.

a common passageway for food and air.

structures of the lower respiratory tract

include the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.

Functions of the larynx

a. Passageway for air

                    b. Prevents ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract

            c. Produces sound for speech

                        d. Participates in both a sneeze and a cough reflex.

a cylindrical airway that is continuous with the laryngopharynx and the trachea. It is composed of nine cartilages that are supported by ligaments and skeletal muscle.

--holds the larynx in place

Shaped like a shield; anterior projection is the laryngeal prominence.

--the adam's apple--where cartilage is most prominent

anchored to the inner aspect of the thyroid cartilage and closes over the laryngeal inlet during swallowing.

--holds larynx in place

includes the vocal folds and the opening between the folds.

determined by the amount of tension on the vocal folds, which is regulated by the intrinsic laryngeal muscles.

depends on the force of the air passing across the vocal cords.

a flexible, tubular organ that extends inferiorly through the neck from the larynx.   It lies immediately anterior to the esophagus.

--remains open--never closes so air can keep moving--cartilage keeps it open

--approximately 13 cm long

--lined with respiratory epithelium that produces mucus

a highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originates at the main bronchi and progressively branches into narrower tubes that diverge throughout the lungs.

have walls that lack cartilage.

have abundant smooth muscle

brochoconstriction

--create resistance and stop flow of air or make it more difficult

--contraction of smooth muscle that increases the diameter of the brochiole

--decreases the amount of air passing through the bronchial tree

--encourages air flow

--relaxation of smooth muscle that increases the diameter of the brochiole

--increases the amount of air passing through the bronchial tree

the last portion of the conducting pathway; they lead to respiratory bronchioles, which are the first segments of the respiratory zone.

--end of conducting system before consulting with alveoli

--the functional unit of the lung

--small, saccular outpocketings off the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs

--thin-walled air sacs

--gas exchange occurs here

Alveolar type I cells

i. Simple squamous cell

ii. Make up 95% of alveolar surface area

iii. Have a moist surface that are prone to collapse due to high surface tension

--designed for gas exchange

i. Cuboidal shaped cells--don't take up much space

ii. Secrete pulmonary surfactant, which opposes surface tension and prevents the collapse of alveoli.

the thin barrier that oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across during gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

--gas exchanges by diffusion only

--consists of an alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane, and a capillary endothelium and its basement membrane

house both the bronchial tree and the respiratory portions of the respiratory system.

conducts blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs to replenish its depleted oxygen levels and get rid of excess carbon dioxide.

a component of the systemic circulation and transports oxygenated blood to the tissues of the lungs.

line the internal thoracic walls, the lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm.

located between the visceral and parietal serous membrane layers.

the movement of respiratory gases between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs.

--

movement of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs

exchange of respiratory gases between the alveoli and the blood

transport of respiratory gases within the blood between the lungs and systemic cells of the body

exchange of respiratory gases between the blood and systemic cells of the body

Include the sternocleidomastoid, scalenes and pectoralis minor.

Include the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles.

states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container increases.  The pressure of a gas increases if the volume of the container decreases.

--inverse relationship

occurs when the force per unit area is greater in one place than in another.

the pressure that gases in the air exert in the environment.

--breathing of an individual at rest

--the average range for rate of quiet breathing is about 12-15 times per minute

monitor pH changes of cerebrospinal fluid caused by the partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

detect pH changes in the blood and changes in blood respiratory gases.

--housed within the walls of the aortic sinus and carotid sinus within the aorta and internal cortid arteries

--cause the respiratory centers to respond by changing depth and rate of breathing

Stretch receptors initiate a reflex to prevent overstretching of the lungs by inhibiting inspiration,

an indication of the lungs’ ability to expand.  It is determined by surface tension and elasticity of the chest wall and lung.

an indication of the lungs’ ability to stretch and recoil back to its original position and shape.

the amount of air that is moved between the atmosphere and alveoli in one minute.   (Respiratory rate) (Tidal volume)

the portion of the airways where there is no exchange of respiratory gases; this has an average volume of about 150 mL.

the amount of air that reaches the alveoli and is available for gas exchange per minute; in the normal adult, this is about 4.2 L per minute.  (Respiratory rate)(Tidal volume - Anatomic dead space)

the amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath during quiet breathing.

the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond the tidal volume, which is a measure of lung compliance.

the amount that can be forcibly exhaled beyond the tidal volume, which is a measure of chest wall and lung elasticity.

the amount of air left in the lungs even after the most forceful expiration.

the sum of the tidal volume plus both the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes.

the sum of all the volumes, including the residual volume.

the movement of respiratory gases between blood and either alveoli or cells of systemic tissues.

the pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture of gases and is measured in mm Hg; it is written with a P followed by the symbol for the gas.

the total pressure all gases exert in the environment.  760 mmHg.

states that the sum of all partial pressures is equal to the total atmospheric pressure.

 states that at a given temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is dependent upon the partial pressure of the gas in the air and the solubility of the gas in the liquid.

--blood flow

--altered by changes in vasodilation and vasoconstriction of pulmonary capillaries

--when oxygen increases, this increases

--airflow

--altered by changes in brochodilation and bronchoconstriction

the movement of respiratory gases within the blood between the lungs and systemic cells.

transports oxygen attached to iron, carbon dioxide attached to globin, and hydrogen ions bound to the globin.

--how much O2 is being transported

the graph shows the saturation of hemoglobin as it is plotted against the partial pressure of oxygen.

the amount of oxygen that remains bound to hemoglobin after passing through the systemic capillaries.

a breathing rate or depth that is increased above the body’s demand. During hyperventilation, PO2 levels increase and PCO2 levels decrease

 a decreased concentration of H+ in the  blood due to hyperventilation.

more basic than normal in the blood stream

breathing that is either too slow or too shallow.  During hypoventilation, PO2 levels decrease and PCO2 levels increase.

results from an increase in blood H+ concentration.