Term
| two receptors influencing respiration |
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Definition
| chemoreceptors and pulmonary stretch receptors |
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Term
| two types of chemoreceptors |
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Definition
| carotid and aortic chemoreceptors |
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Term
| function of chemoreceptors |
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Definition
| Send nerve impulses to respiratory control centres when stimulated by a decrease in O2 levels, or increase in CO2. |
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Term
| Location of pulmonary stretch receptors |
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Definition
| throughout the pulmonary airways and in the alveoli |
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Term
| purpose of pulmonary stretch receptor nerve impulses |
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Definition
| to influence respiratory rates and protect the respiratory system from excess stretching by over inflation |
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Term
| major muscles of inspiration and their location |
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Definition
-diaphragm: dome shaped muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavity
-external intercostal muscles: between ribs |
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Term
| action of diaphragm during inspiration |
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Definition
| diaphragm: contracts and flattens downwards, increases volume of thoracic cavity and creates negative pressure to draw air in |
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Term
| action of external intercostal muscles during inspiration |
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Definition
| external thoracic cavity: anterior portion of the ribs elevate, increasing thoracic cavity volume by increasing anterior-posterior diameter |
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Term
| 2 accessory muscles during inspiration and location |
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Definition
| sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles: neck/shoulders |
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Term
| action of accessory muscles |
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Definition
| sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles, only slightly increase thoracic cavity by increasing anterior-posterior diameter and also used during minute breathing |
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Term
| minute breathing and when use |
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Definition
| high volume of air inspired and expired / minute: used when work of breathing increases from disease or strenuous exercise |
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Term
| major muscles used during expiration |
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Definition
| no major muscles: no muscular effort as the diaphragm decreases thoracic cavity and expels air out when it relaxes |
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Term
| accessory muscles during expiration and when use |
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Definition
| internal intercostal muscle and abdomen assist expiration when minute volume is high |
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Term
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Definition
| shows relationship between pressure to inflate alveolus/alveolus surface tension/ radius |
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Term
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Definition
| Makes alveolar ventilation or distension possible. It lines the inside of the alveolus. It has a lubricant effect as it separates liquid molecules, which decreases alveolar surface tension |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by a decrease in surfactant. Surfactant prevents any entry of fluid into the alveoli. If water moves in (due to an absence of surfactant), alveoli will not be able to ventilate |
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Term
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Definition
| a normal and passive movement, whereby the lungs are able to return to a resting state after inspiration |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of lung and chest wall distensibility |
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Term
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Definition
| indicates lung and chest wall have lost some elastic recoil as they are abnormally easy to inflate |
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Term
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Definition
| indicates lung and chest wall are abnormally stiff and difficult to inflate e.g.. acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, |
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Term
| 2 conditions that have increased compliance as a manifestation |
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Definition
| normal ageing process, emphysema |
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Term
| 4 conditions that have decreased compliance as a manifestation |
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Definition
| pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, fibrosis and acute respiratory distress syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
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