Term
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Definition
| EUSTACIAN TUBES, PHARANGEAL TONSIL |
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Term
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Definition
| RECEIVES AIR FROM NASOPHARNYX AND FOOD FROM ORAL CAVITY--CONTAINS PALANTINE TONSIL AND LINGUAL TONSIL |
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Term
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Definition
| PASSES FOOD TO THE ESOPHOGUS AND AIR TO LARYNX |
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Term
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Definition
| EPIGOTTIS, THYROID CARTILAGE |
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Term
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Definition
| FIRST PIECE OF CARTILAGE OF THE LARYNYX-COVERS THE GLOTTIS, LOCATED IN UPPER REGION OF LARYNYX PREVENTS FOOD FROM ENTERING. |
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Term
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Definition
| PROTECTS THE FRONT OF THE LARYNX--FORWARD PROJECTION APPEARS AS ADAM'S APPLE |
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Term
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Definition
| PAIRED WITH CUNIFORM CARTILAGES AND PAIRED WITH THE CORNICULATE CARTILAGES SUPPORT LARYNX |
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Term
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Definition
| CONSISTS OF FOUR LAYERS --FLEXIBLE TUBE |
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Term
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Definition
| 1)MUCUS-PRODUCING GOBLET CELLS AND PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED EPITHELIUM TO SWEEP DEBRIS AWAY FROM THE LUNGS. 2) SUBMUCOSA LAYER OF AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT SURROUNDS MUCOSA. 3) HYALINE CARTILAGE FORMS 16 TO 20 C SHAPED RINGS 4) ADVENTITIA OUTERMOST LAYER CONSISTS OF AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE |
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Term
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Definition
| TWO TUBES THAT BRANCH FROM THE TRACHEA TO THE LEFT AND RIGHT LUNGS |
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Term
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Definition
| FINAL BRANCHES OF BRONCHIAL TREE |
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Term
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Definition
| CONSISTS OF ALVEOLAR AND CAPILLARY WALLS |
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Term
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Definition
| SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS - PRIMARY CELL TYPE OF ALVEOLAR WALL - OXYGEN DIFFUSION OCCURS ACROSS THESE CELLS. |
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Term
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Definition
| CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL CELLS- SECRETE SURFACTANT |
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Term
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Definition
| PHOSPHOLIPID BOUND TO PROTEIN THAT REDUCES SURFACE TENSION AND COVERS ALVEOLAR WALLS. THIS ALLOWS OXYGEN TO DIFFUSE MORE EASILY |
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Term
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Definition
| DUST CELLS THAT REMOVE DEBRIS |
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Term
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Definition
| OUTER LAYER IS A THIN EPITHELIAL BASEMENT MEMBRANE |
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Term
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Definition
| WHERE THE BRONCHI, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS ENTER THE LUNG |
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Term
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Definition
| DOUBLE MEMBRANE SURROUNDS EACH LUNG |
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Term
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Definition
| DOUBLE MEMBRANE OUTER PLEURA CONNECTING TO THORACIC CAVITY. |
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Term
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Definition
| SPACE BETWEEN PLEURA FILLED WITH FLUID, LUBRICANT SECRETED BY THE PLEURA |
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Term
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Definition
OXYGEN INTAKE
EXPULSION OF CO2
SOUND/VOICE PRODUCTION
REGULATION OF PLASMA pH
REMOVAL DISTRUCTION OF AIRBORNE PATHOGENS
SMELL |
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Term
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Definition
PULMONARY VENTILATION
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
GAS TRANSPORT
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of air into/out of the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| gas exchange between blood and the air-filled chambers of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| between the lungs and the rest of the body tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| gas exchange between systemic blood and the tissue cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the mitochondrial process in which oxygen is utilized during ATP synthesis. Note that this type of cellular respiration is often referred to as "aerobic respiration" |
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Term
| ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY TRACT-CONDUCTING ZONE |
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Definition
NOSE
NASAL CAVITY
PHARNYX
LARYNX
TRACHEA
BRONCHI
BROCHIOLES |
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Term
ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY TRACT
RESPIRATORY ZONE |
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Definition
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
ALVEOLAR DUCTS
ALVEOLI |
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Term
| CONDUCTING ZONE FUNCTIONS |
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Definition
TRANSPORT
CLEANSE AND
WARM INCOMING AIR |
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Term
| RESPIRATORY ZONE FUNCTIONS |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi
Lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| HISTOLOGY: PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR CILIATED EPITHELIUM WITH GOBLET CELLS |
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Term
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Definition
INCREASE MUCOSAL SURFACE AREA
ENHANCE AIR TURBULANCE AND HELP FILTER AIR |
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Term
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Definition
| GROVED PATHWAYS DIVIDING CONCHAE |
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Term
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Definition
Sinuses in bones that surround the nasal cavity
Sinuses lighten the skull and help to warm and moisten the air
Ducts open into the internal nares
Provide resonance for speech production. |
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Term
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Definition
An internal ridge at the bifurcation of the last tracheal cartilage
Very sensitive area for the cough reflex |
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Term
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Definition
ƒÞCONSIST OF SIMPLE COLUMNAR OR CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
ƒÞCOMPLETE LAYER OF CIRCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE
ƒÞANS SYMPATHETIC AND ADRENAL MEDULLA PRODUCE EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRINE THAT RELAX SMOOTH MUSCLE AND DILATE BRONCHIOLES
ƒÞPARASYMPATHETIC AND ALLERGY RELEASE OF HISTAMINE CAUSE CONSTRICTION OF BRONCHIOLES
ƒÞLACK CARTILAGE AND MUCUS-PRODUCING CELL |
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Term
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Definition
| THE LAST BRANCH OF THE CONDUCTING ZONE. |
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Term
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Definition
THE INITIAL SEGMENT OF THE RESPIRATORY ZONE
ƒÞCONTAIN SPORADIC ALVEOLI
ƒÞLEAD TO ALVEOLAR DUCTS WHICH TERMINATE INTO CLUSTERS OF ALVEOLI CALLED ALVEOLAR SACS |
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Term
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Definition
ALVEOLAR SACS LOOK LIKE CLUSTERS OF GRAPES
THE “INDIVIDUAL GRAPES” ARE ALVEOLI |
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Term
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Definition
SURROUNDED BY FINE ELASTIC FIBERS MADE BY FIBROBLASTS
CONTAIN OPEN PORES THAT:
CONNECT ADJACENT ALVEOLI
ALLOW AIR PRESSURE THROUGHOUT THE LUNG TO BE EQUALIZED
ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES (DUST CELLS)
WANDERING MACROPHAGES REMOVE DEBRIS BECAUSE THERE IS NO CILIA TO MOVE THINGS UP AND OUT OF THE LUNGS
TYPE 1 CELLS: SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
TYPE 2 CELLS: SECRETE ALVEOLAR FLUID THAT ALSO CONTAINS SURFACTANT |
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Term
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
THIS AIR-BLOOD BARRIER IS COMPOSED OF |
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Definition
ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM
THEIR FUSED BASAL LAMINAS
CAPILLARY EPITHELIUM |
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Term
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Definition
SUPPLY SYSTEMIC VENOUS BLOOD TO BE OXYGENATED
BRANCH PROFUSELY, ALONG WITH BRONCHI
ULTIMATELY FEED INTO THE PULMONARY CAPILLARY NETWORK SURROUNDING THE ALVEOLI |
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Term
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Definition
| CARRY OXYGENATED BLOOD FROM RESPIRATORY ZONES TO THE HEART |
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Term
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Definition
PROVIDE SYSTEMIC BLOOD TO THE LUNG TISSUE
ƒÞ ARISE FROM AORTA AND ENTER THE LUNGS AT THE HILUS
ƒÞ SUPPLY ALL LUNG TISSUE EXCEPT THE ALVEOLI |
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Term
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Definition
| ANASTOMOSE WITH PULMONARY VEINS |
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Term
| VENTILATION PROFUSION COUPLING |
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Definition
ARTERIOLES IN THE LUNGS VASOCONSTRICT IN RESPONSE TO HYPOXIA (LOW OXYGEN IN THE LUNGS)
THIS DIVERTS PULMONARY BLOOD FROM POORLY VENTILATED AREAS TO WELL VENTILATED REGIONS
THIS IS THE OPPOSITE OF WHAT HAPPENS IN THE REST OF THE BODY:
IN THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION, WHEN TISSUES ARE LOW IN OXYGEN, THE ARTERIOLES VASODIALATE TO INCREASE BLOOD FLOW |
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Term
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Definition
ƒÞ PULMONARY VENTILATION
ƒÞ GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS DUE TO A PRESSURE GRADIENT (PARTIAL PRESSURES OF GAS)
ƒÞ TWO PHASES
ƒÞ INSPIRATION-BREATHING IN
ƒÞ ACTIVE PROCESS
ƒÞ EXPIRATION:BREATHING OUT
ƒÞ PASSIVE PROCESS |
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Term
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Definition
VOLUME OF GAS IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO PRESSURE (IF TEMPERATURE CONSTANT)
.VOLUME=CONSTANT/PRESSURE
SO, WHEN THE VOLUME OF THE CONTAINER INCREASES (EXPANSION OF THE LUNGS), THE PRESSURE DECREASES |
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Term
| ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE (PATM) |
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Definition
| PRESSURE EXERTED BY THE AIR SURROUNDING THE BODY. AT SEA LEVEL ITS EQUAL TO 760MMHG. |
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Term
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Definition
| PRESSURE EXERTED BY THE AIR WITHIN THE ALVEOLI. IT RISES AND FALLS DURING INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION, BUT IT ALWAYS EQUALIZES WITH ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. |
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Term
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Definition
| PRESSURE WITHIN THE PLEURAL CAVITY. IT IS ALWAYS LOWER THAN BOTH ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AND INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE |
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Term
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Definition
ALVEOLAR PRESSURE FALLS BELOW ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.
CONTRACTION OF THE DIAPHRAGM AND EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES INCREASES THE SIZE OF THE THORAX (THEREBY DECREASING THE INTRA-PLEURAL PRESSURE) AND THE LUNGS EXPAND.
INTRA-PLEURAL (THORACIC) PRESSURE IS ALWAYS 4 MMHG LESS THAN THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE JUST BEFORE INHALATION (756 MM HG)
EXPANSION OF THE LUNGS DECREASED ALVEOLAR PRESSURE TO 758 MM HG
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS 760 MM HG
AIR FLOWS INTO THE LUNGS BECAUSE OF THIS PRESSURE GRADIENT
INSPIRATION CAUSES INTRA-PLEURAL PRESSURE TO DECREASE TO 754 MM HG |
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Term
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Definition
DIAPHRAGM CONTACTS FLATTENING IT AND INCREASES VERTICAL DIMENSION OF THORACIC CAVITY (75%)
INNERVATED BY PHRENIC NERVE (C3,4,5 FROM CERVICAL PLEXUS)
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS ELEVATE RIBS INCREASING ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR-LATERAL DIAMETERS (25%)
DURING FORCEFUL INSPIRATION (EXERCISING) ALSO USE ACCESSORY MUSCLES
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID: ELEVATES STERNUM
SCALENE: ELEVATES RIBS 1 & 2
PECTORALIS MINOR: ELEVATES RIBS 3 & 4 |
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Term
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Definition
ƒÞ OCCURS WHEN ALVEOLAR PRESSURE IS HIGHER THAN ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
ƒÞ 762 MM HG
ƒÞ ELASTIC RECOIL OF THE CHEST WALL AND LUNGS (MAIN FORCE) AND THE RELAXATION OF THE DIAPHRAGM INCREASES INTRA-PLEURAL AND ALVEOLAR PRESSURE AND DECREASES LUNG VOLUME
ƒÞ AIR MOVES OUT
ƒÞ QUIET BREATHING DOES NOT TAKE ANY EFFORT (NO MUSCLES ARE BEING CONTRACTED) |
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Term
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Definition
ƒÞ FORCED EXPIRATION USES CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES
ƒÞ INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS AND ABDOMINAL MUSCLES INCREASE PRESSURE IN THE ABDOMEN AND THORAX
ƒÞ AIR IS FORCED OUT OF THE LUNGS AS THE MUSCLES RELAX REDUCING THE VOLUME OF THE CHEST CAVITY AND INCREASING THE PRESSURE |
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Term
PULMONARY VENTILATION
3 MAJOR FACTORS |
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Definition
ƒÞ ALVEOLAR SURFACE TENSION
ƒÞ COMPLIANCE
ƒÞ AIRWAY RESISTANCE |
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Term
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Definition
CAUSES THE ALVEOLI TO ASSUME THE SMALLEST DIAMETER
ƒÞ MAJOR COMPONENT OF LUNG ELASTIC RECOIL
ƒÞ SURFACTANT IS A PHOSPHOLIPID PRODUCED BY TYPE II CELLS IN ALVEOLAR WALLS
ƒÞ ALTERS SURFACE TENSION BELOW THE SURFACE TENSION OF PURE WATER
ƒÞ PREVENTS ALVEOLAR COLLAPSE FOLLOWING EXPIRATION
ƒÞ IF SURFACE TENSION IS TOO HIGH, ALVEOLI COLLAPSE AND GREAT EFFORT IS NEEDED TO REOPEN THEM |
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Term
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Definition
THE EASE WITH WHICH THE LUNGS AND THORACIC WALL CAN BE EXPANDED
MORE COMPLIANT AT LOWER VOLUMES
DECREASED COMPLIANCE (STIFF LUNGS)
ANY CONDITION DESTROYING LUNG TISSUE CAUSING IT TO FILL WITH FLUID
DEFICIENCY IN SURFACTANT
IMPEDES LUNG EXPANSION OR CONTRACTION
EXAMPLE: ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME. |
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Term
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Definition
THE WALLS OF THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS HAVE RESISTANCE TO THE NORMAL FLOW OF AIR INTO THE LUNGS
THE SMALLER THE DIAMETER, THE GREATER THE RESISTANCE
ANY CONDITION THAT OBSTRUCTS THE AIR PASSAGEWAY INCREASES RESISTANCE, AND MORE PRESSURE IS NEED TO FORCE AIR THROUGH
ASTHMA
INFLAMMATION DUE TO INFECTION
EMPHYSEMA |
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Term
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Definition
PARTIAL PRESSURE
EACH GAS IN A MIXTURE OF GASES EXERTS ITS OWN PRESSURE AS IF ALL OTHER GASES WERE NOT PRESENT
AIR 79% NITROGEN, 21% OXYGEN, 1% OTHER (CO2)
PARTIAL PRESSURE OF A GAS IS THE PRESSURE OF AN INDIVIDUAL GAS IN A MIXTURE.
PO2 21% X 760 = 159.6 MM HG
TOTAL PRESSURE IS ADDING ALL THE PARTIAL PRESSURES |
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Term
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Definition
ATMOSPHERIC O2= 160 MM HG
ALVEOLAR PO2 (PAO2) =105 MM HG
ARTERIAL PO2 (PAO2)= 105 MM HG
VENOUS PO2 (PVO2) =40 MM HG
CO2: PCO2=0.3 MM HG
PACO2 =40 MM HG
PACO2 =40 MM HG
PVCO2 =45 MM HG |
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Term
| EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE |
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Definition
ƒÞ O2 AND CO2 DIFFUSE FROM AREAS OF HIGHER PARTIAL PRESSURES TO AREAS OF LOWER PARTIAL PRESSURE
ƒÞ RESULTS IN EXCHANGE OF O2 AND CO2 IN THE ALVEOLI
ƒÞ ALVEOLI: PAO2=105 MM HG, PCO2=40 MM HG
ƒÞ CAPILLARIES: PVO2=40 MM HG, PVCO2 =45 MM HG
ƒÞ PULMONARY VEIN:PAO2=100 PCO2=40 MM HG |
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Term
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Definition
ƒÞ 1.5% DISSOLVED IN THE PLASMA
ƒÞ 98.5% CARRIED ON HEMOGLOBIN AS OXYHEMOGLOBIN
ƒÞ THE GREATER THE PO2 OF OXYGEN, THE MORE OXYGEN THAT WILL COMBINE WITH HEMOGLOBIN (LIKE IN THE LUNGS)
ƒÞ LOW PO2 CAUSES HEMOGLOBIN TO RELEASE THE OXYGEN |
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Term
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Definition
OXYGEN-HEMOGLOBIN DISSOCIATION CURVE
AT LOW PH (ACIDIC CONDITIONS) OXYGEN RELEASES FROM HEMOGLOBIN MORE EASILY
THE DISSOCIATION CURVE SHIFTS TO THE RIGHT
LOW BLOOD PH RESULTS FROM HIGH PCO2
BOHR EFFECT
OXYGEN-HEMOGLOBIN
DISSOCIATION CURVE
SHIFTS TO THE RIGHT: LOW AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN
HIGH CO2
HIGH H+
LOW PH
SHIFT TO THE LEFT: HIGH AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN
FETAL HEMOGLOBIN
LOW CO2
LOW H+
HIGH PH |
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Term
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Definition
7% DISSOLVED IN PLASMA
23% CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN
70% AS BICARBONATE IONS HCO3-
THE CONVERSION OF CO2 TO HCO3- (HAPPENS IN THE RBC) AND THE RELATED CHLORIDE SHIFT MAINTAINS THE IONIC BALANCE BETWEEN PLASMA AND RBC
THE H+ RELEASED BINDS WITH HEMOGLOBIN TRIGGERING THE BOHR EFFECT |
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Term
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Definition
IN THE PLASMA THERE IS NACL
WHEN THE HCO3- LEAVES THE RBC, IT COMBINES WITH NA+ IN THE PLASMA TO CREATE SODIUM BICARBONATE
LOSS OF A NEGATIVE CHARGE FROM INSIDE THE RBC CAUSES CHLORIDE FROM THE PLASMA TO ENTER THE RBC |
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Term
| MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY AREA |
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Definition
ƒÞ DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP
ƒÞ CONTROLS THE BASIC RHYTHM OF RESPIRATION
ƒÞ INSPIRATORY AREA HAS AN INTRINSIC EXCITABILITY OF AUTORHYTHMIC NEURONS
ƒÞ EXPIRATORY AREA NEURONS REMAIN INACTIVE DURING QUIET RESPIRATION |
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Term
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Definition
ƒÞ ACTIVATED DURING HIGH LEVELS OF VENTILATION
ƒÞ USED FOR FORCEFUL INSPIRATION/EXPIRATION
ƒÞ NORMALLY INSPIRATION LASTS 2 SECONDS, EXPIRATION LASTS 3 SECONDS |
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Term
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Definition
ACTIVATED DURING HIGH LEVELS OF VENTILATION
USED FOR FORCEFUL INSPIRATION/EXPIRATION
NORMALLY INSPIRATION LASTS 2 SECONDS, EXPIRATION LASTS 3 SECONDS |
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Term
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Definition
ALLOWS CONSCIOUS CONTROL OF RESPIRATION
BREATH HOLDING IS LIMITED BY THE OVERRIDING STIMULI OF INCREASED H+ AND CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
LOCATED IN THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA
RESPOND TO H+ AND PCO2 IN CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID
PROVIDES INPUT TO THE RESPIRATORY CENTER |
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Term
| PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS |
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Definition
ƒÞ LOCATED IN THE WALLS OF
ƒÞ COMMON CAROTID ARTERY: STIMULATES FIBERS IN THE GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE CN IX
ƒÞ AORTIC BODIES IN AORTIC ARCH: STIMULATES FIBERS IN THE VAGUS NERVE CN X
ƒÞ RESPOND TO CHANGES IN H+ AND PCO2 IN THE BLOOD
ƒÞ THE PAO2 HAS TO BE BELOW 60 BEFORE IT STIMULATES BREATHING (ONLY WITH PERIPHERAL RECEPTORS, CENTRAL RECEPTORS DO NOT RESPOND AT ALL)
ƒÞ CO2 FLUCTUATIONS ARE THE MAJOR FACTOR |
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Term
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Definition
ƒÞ SLIGHT INCREASE IN PCO2 AND H+IN ARTERIES
ƒÞ STIMULATE CHEMORECEPTORS
ƒÞ ACTIVATES MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY AREA
ƒÞ CAUSES INCREASED BREATHING |
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Term
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Definition
ARTERIAL PCO2 LESS THAN 40 MM HG
CHEMORECEPTORS ARE NOT STIMULATED
ONLY STIMULATED FOR HIGH PCO2
MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY AREA SETS ITS OWN PACE UNTIL CO2 ACCUMULATES AND PCO2 RISES TO 40 MM HG
CAUSED BY HYPERVENTILATION |
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Term
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Definition
DETECTS LUNG EXPANSION WITH STRETCH RECEPTORS AND LIMITS IT DEPENDING ON VENTILATORY NEED AND PREVENTION OF DAMAGE
VAGUS NERVE SENDS INFORMATION TO THE RESPIRATORY RHYTHMICITY CENTERS
CAUSES INHALATION TO STOP AND EXHALATION TO BEGIN |
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Term
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Definition
| OXYGEN DEFICIENCY AT THE TISSUE LEVEL |
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Term
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Definition
LOW PO2 IN ARTERIAL BLOOD
HIGH ALTITUDE, AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION, FLUID IN LUNGS |
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Term
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Definition
TOO LITTLE FUNCTIONING HEMOGLOBIN
ƒÞ HEMORRHAGE, ANEMIA, CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING |
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Term
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Definition
INABILITY OF BLOOD TO CARRY OXYGEN TO TISSUES FAST ENOUGH
HEART FAILURE, CIRCULATORY SHOCK |
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Term
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Definition
BLOOD DELIVERS ADEQUATE OXYGEN BUT TISSUES ARE UNABLE TO USE IT
CYANIDE POISONING |
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Term
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Definition
| SPASMS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE IN BRONCHIAL TUBES, INFLAMMATION, INFLATED ALVEOLI AND EXCESS MUCOUS “TRAPS AIR IN |
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Term
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Definition
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTION OF AIR FLOW WHICH INCREASES AIRWAY RESISTANCE
EMPHYSEMA IS CAUSED BY DAMAGE TO THE ELASTIC FIBERS OF THE LUNGS (FIBROSIS) SO THEY DON’T RECOIL. THIS IN TURN CAUSES AIR TRAPPING (CAN’T BREATH OUT).
CHRONIC ASTHMA
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS |
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