___ muscles raise the larynx against the

epiglottis and bend the epiglottis.

At the same time, ___ muscles contract

to close the glottis. 

extrinsic, intrinsic 

How can food trigger the coughing reflex? 

Food that touches the vestibular or

vocal folds triggers the coughing reflex. 

What is the role of the glottis

after the coughing reflex is triggered? 

First, the glottis is kept closed as the chest

and abdominal muscles contract to compress

the lungs. The glottis is then opened suddenly

and the resulting burst of air clears the entrance

to the glottis. 

The trachea is anterior or posterior

to the esophagus? 

anterior 

The trachea is about ___ in diameter

and about ___ long. 

 1 inch, 4 inches

Describe the epithelium of the trachea. 

The epithelium of the trachea is a

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

with goblet cells. 

In which direction do the cilia of

the trachea move mucous? 

Cilia move mucous upward to the

laryngopharynx, where it is swallowed. 

What keeps the trachea rigid? 

The wall of the trachea contains 15-20

"C"-shaped rings of cartilage. 

What allows the trachea to stetch and recoil? 

Elastic connective tissue allows the trache to be

stretched lengthwise during inhalation and to

recoil during exhalation. 

The open ends of each "C"-shaped section of

cartilage are at the ___ of the trachea and are

joined to each other by ___. 

posterior, smooth muscle 

What is structurally significant about how only

the anterior of the tracheal wall is rigid? 

The esophagus can expand anteriorly

as swallowed food passes through it. 

How are the walls of the primary bronchi

like the wall of the trachea? 

Both the bronchi and trachea have "C"-shaped

sections of cartilage. 

What is the hilus of the lung? 

The hilus of the lung is a groove on the medial

surface of the lung at which the brouchus,

blood vessels, and nerves enter the lungs. 

The combined structure of blood vessels, nerves,

and the primary bronchi, bound together with

connective tissue, is called the ___. 

root of the lung 

How many lobes do the lungs have? 

Five: 2 on the left lung and 3 on the right lung 

Name all the air passages distal

to the primary bronchi. 

secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi,

bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli 

What kind of blood do the bronchial

arteries provide the lungs? 

systemic (or oxygenated) blood 

Why do the lungs recoil when stretched? 

a large amount of elastic fibers in

connective tissue 

What is the function of smooth muscle

circularly arranged around the bronchioles? 

The smooth muscle regulates the amount

of air entering the lung alveoli. 

What would you call a

microscopic lung unit? 

pulmonary lobule 

What are the three types of cells

found in the alveoli? 

squamous cells of the epithelium,

surfactant-secreating cuboidal cells,

 and dust-eating alveolar macrophages

About how many dust cells can we

expect to swallow by the time this

two-hour class is over? 

over 4 million 

What do we call the mixture of phospholipids

and proteins that forms a superfical coating

on the alveolar surfaces? 

pulmonary sufactant 

What is the functional significance

of pulmonary sufactant? 

The surfactant prevent water molecules from

forming a strong bond, which means the alveoli

don't collapse every time we exhale--the way

they would if the alveoli were covered in a thin

flim of water without surfactant. 

How is infant respiratory distress

syndrome treated? 

It is treated with positive-pressure respirators

and by spraying surfactant into the newborn's

respiratory passageways. 

What separates the air in the

aveolus from the blood? 

A thing layer of tissue called the

respiratory membrance separates

the air in the alveolus from the

blood. 

 Why does diffusion across the respiratory

membrane proceed rapidly? 

The distance is small (.5 micrometers)

and both oxygen and carbon dioxide

are lipid-soluable. 

What does the parietal pleura cover? 

The parietal pleura covers the inner surface

of the thoracic wall and extends over the

diaphragm and medistinum. 

At what point are the parietal and

visceral pleurae continuous? 

The parietal and visceral pleurae are

continuous at the root of each lung. 

What separates the left and right

pleural cavities? 

The left and right pleural cavities are

separated by the mediastinum. 

Blood pressure and air pressure

are both usually measureed by

millimeters of ___. 

mercury (Hg) 

At sea level, atmospheric air exerts

a pressure of ___. 

760mm Hg 

In a mixture of gases, the amount of

pressure contributed by a single gas is

called its ___. 

partial pressure 

A gas will flow from an area of ___

pressure to an area of ___ pressure. 

high, low