Term
| What are the 10 main structures of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
1) Nose
2) Nasal Cavity
3) Pharynx
4) Larynx
5) Trachea
6) Bronchi
7) Bronchioles
8) Alveoli
9) Lungs
10) Respiratory diaphragm |
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Term
| What is the primary function of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| - Exchange of gases - Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange |
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Term
| What are the 3 secondary functions of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
- Olfaction - refers to the sense of smell
- Speech - the production of speech is a complex cooradination of muscles and nerves. Speech and other sounds are produces by air moving over the vocal cords
- Homeostasis - helps maintain oxygen levels in the blood, helps maintain elimination of wastes
The act of breathing helps regulate blood pH. |
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Term
| What are the 4 structures of the upper respiratory tract? |
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Definition
1) Nose
2) Nasal Cavity
3) Pharynx
4) Layrnx |
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Term
| What are the 6 structures of the lower respiratory tract? |
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Definition
1) Trachea
2) Bronchi
3) Bronchioles
4) Alveoli
5) Lungs
6) Respiratory Diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
- Port of entry for air and the beginning of the air conduction pathway
- Primarily made of hyaline and elastic cartilage
- Associated with these bones: Nasal bones, process of the maxillae bone, and frontal bone
- has 2 external openings |
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Term
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Definition
| Nostrils - the two external openings of the nose |
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Term
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Definition
- Air-conditioning chambers
- Main purpose is to try to clean the air before it enters the lungs
- Divided into three passageways by projections that form lateral walls
- Consists of: Nasal conchae, meatuses, cilia and goblet cells |
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Term
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Definition
- These are the walls that are formed by projections, creating three passageways in the nasal cavity
- Individually classified as superior, middle and inferior |
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Term
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Definition
| - the passageway created by the conchae in the nasal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| - hair-like projections on the outer surfaces of certain cells |
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Term
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Definition
| - produce mucus that moistens the air and traps incoming foreign particles |
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Term
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Definition
- lined with nasal mucosa
- contain openings into the nasal cavity
- are air-containing spaces in the skull and facial bones that lighten the head and act as resonance chambers for sound |
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Term
| What are the 4 paranasal sinuses? |
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Definition
1) Frontal Sinus
2) Sphenoidal sinus
3) Ethmoidal sinus
4) Maxillary Sinus |
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Term
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Definition
- throat
- is a muscular tube approximately 5 inches long
- Shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems
- Contains the tonsils (pharyngeal or adenoids, palatine, and lingual) |
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Term
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Definition
- Voice box
- formed by 3 single and 3 paired cartilages
- contains vocal cords
- superior pair called the false vocal cords and the inferior pair called the true vocal cords (used for normal voice production) |
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Term
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Definition
- the guardian of the airways
- one of the single laryngeal cartilages
- closes the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the lower respiratory passageways |
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Term
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Definition
- windpipe
- is a 9-10 inches long tube from the larynx to the upper chest
- consists of 16-21 half-ring hyaline cartilages |
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Term
| What are the 2 purposes of the half-ring hyaline cartilages of the trachea? |
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Definition
1) allow the esophagus to expand into the trachea when a food bolus is swallowed
2) keeps the tracheal wall from collapsing during pressure changes that occur during breathing |
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Term
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Definition
- large air-conduction passageways leading from the trachea to each lung
- right is slightly wider and has a slightly steeper downward angle than the left |
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Term
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Definition
| - the smallest divisions of the bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
- tiny sacs attached to ducts
- resemble a cluster of grapes
- made of single-layers epithelial tissue |
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Term
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Definition
- phospholipids that assist in the exchange of gas by reducing surface tension
- contributes to lung elasticity and thereby contributes to its general compliance
- stabilize the alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
- are spongy, highly elastic paired organs of respiration
- fill most of the thoracic cavity
- external surfaces are lined by a serous membrane
- are encased by a pleural membrane, which secretes a thin serous fluid, which prevents friction
- are the main organs of respiration |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
- have an airtight seal
- main muscle of respiration |
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Term
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Definition
- muscular contraction and relaxation required to move air in and out
- has 2 phases - inspiration and expiration
- Occurs because of diffusion |
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Term
| What are the 3 processes requited to get oxygen from the atmosphere into the body's cells? |
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Definition
1) External Respiration
2) Internal Respiration
3) Breathing |
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Term
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Definition
- aka inhalation
- the process that is responsible for drawing air into the lungs
- during this phase the diaphragm contracts and DESCENDS into the abdominal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
- aka exhalation
- is the process that is responsible for expelling air from the lungs
- during this process the diaphragm relaxes and ASCENDS back up toward the thoracic cavity
- decreases the size of the thoracic cavity, creating an increase in air pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| - is labored or difficult breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary cessation of breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| - inadequate oxygen at the cellular level |
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Term
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Definition
| - a lack of oxygen either locally or systemically |
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Term
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Definition
| - the total amount of air that can be forcibly inspired and expired from the lungs in one breath |
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Term
| What are the 2 distinct processes of respiration? |
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Definition
1) External respiration
2) Internal respiration |
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Term
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Definition
- aka Pulmonary Respiration
- the gas exchange in the lungs, between blood and air in the alveoli that came from the external environment |
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Term
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Definition
- aka tissue respiration
- is the gas exchange between blood and body's tissues
- Oxygen diffuses from the blood into the cells, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into the bloodstream
- Mitochondria "Powerplant of a cell" - Absorbs oxygen into a cell |
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Term
| What are the purposes of the processes of the digestive system? |
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Definition
- is a disassembly line
- provides processes by which molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are broken down into a state more easily assimilated into the body |
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Term
| How are the functions of the digestive system initiated? |
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Definition
| - by the parasympathetic nervous system during periods of low stress |
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Term
| What are the 7 main structures of the digestive system? |
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Definition
1) Alimenmtary canal (tube from mouth to anus)
2) Gallbladder
3) Liver
4) Pancreas
5) Salivary glands
6) Teeth
7) Tongue |
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Term
| What are the 4 functions of the digestive system? |
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Definition
1) Ingestion
2) Digestion
3) Absorption
4) Defecation |
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Term
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Definition
| - the process of orally taking materials into the body. (Food, liquids, and oral medications) |
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Term
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Definition
| - the mechanical and chemical process that occurs as food is mixed with digestive enzymes and converted into an absorbable state. Mechanical digestion includes chewing in the oral cavity, churning in the stomach, and mixing movements of the intestinal tube (peristalsis) |
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Term
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Definition
| - the process of products of digestion move into the bloodstream or lymph vessels and then into the body's cells |
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Term
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Definition
| - the process of eliminating indigestible or unabsorbed material from the body |
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Term
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Definition
- aka Gastrointestinal tract
- mostly coiled, muscular passageway leading from the mouth to the anus
- approximately 30 ft long
- consists of 4 tunics (layers) |
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Term
| What are the four tunics of the Alimentary Canal? |
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Definition
(From deepest to the most superficial)
1) Mucosa
2) Submucosa
3) Muscularis
4) Serosa |
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Term
| What purposes are served by the tunics of the alimentary canal? |
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Definition
| - Hosts to blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and glands that produce and secrete digestive enzymes |
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Term
| What purposes are served by the tunics of the alimentary canal? |
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Definition
| - Hosts to blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and glands that produce and secrete digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| - a catalyst that accelerates chemical reactions |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of tonic contractions? |
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Definition
1) Sphincter
2) Peristalsis |
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Term
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Definition
| - a ring of muscle fibers that regulates movement of materials from one compartment to another |
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Term
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Definition
- most common muscular contraction of the digestive system
Wavelike contractions mix and propel materials farther into the GI tract |
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Term
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Definition
| - a ball-like, masticated lump of food once swallowed |
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Term
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Definition
- envelops the entire abdominal wall
- largest serous membrane in the body
- houses blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves |
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Term
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Definition
- port of entry for good and drink
- contains tongue, teeth, gums, and opening from the salivary ducts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- main function is to act as a lubricant and an adhesive by causing food to form a bolus for deglutition
- aided by the tongue
- contains water, mucus, organic salts, and digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- taste buds
- chemoreceptors that detect primary tests of sweet, sour, bitter, and salty |
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Term
| Pharynx - digestive purposes |
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Definition
| - takes food from the oral cavity to the esophagus during deglutition |
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Term
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Definition
- gullet
- a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach by piercing the diaphragm
- lining of tube secretes mucus to help transport of a bolus |
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Term
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Definition
- J-shaped organ
- an enlargement of the GI tract bound at both ends by sphincters
1) cardioesophageal sphincter
2) pyloric sphincter |
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Term
| Cardioesophageal Sphincter |
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Definition
- the superior sphincter of the stomach
- is the junction between the esophagus and stomach
- also known as cardiac sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
| - located between the stomach and small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| - longitudinal folds in the lining of the stomach that permit for expansion |
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Term
| What are the 3 tunic layers of the stomach |
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Definition
1) oblique
2) circular
3) longitudinal |
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Term
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Definition
| - a viscous fluid that is the remains of a bolus, once it has reached the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| - endocrine cells, that secrete hormones, which initiates the production and stimulates bile and pancreatic enzyme emission into the small intestine |
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Term
| What are the only substances absorbed by the stomach? |
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Definition
1) water
2) some minerals
3) alcohol
4) some medications |
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Term
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Definition
- responsible for protein digestion
- produce the gastric enzyme pepsinogen |
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Term
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Definition
- is the longest section of the alimentary canal
- contains 2 sphincters, plicae circulares, villi, and lacteals |
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Term
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Definition
| Circular folds that are in the lumen of the small intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| - finger-like projections that house blood and lymph capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
- are the lymph capillaries in the villi
- assist in the absorption of fat |
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Term
| What are the three divisions of the small intestines? |
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Definition
1) the duodenum
2) the jejunum
3) the ileum |
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Term
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Definition
- is the first section of the small intestine
- between 10 and 12 inches long
- Contains the sphincter of Oddi and the major duodenal papilla |
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Term
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Definition
| - regulates the flow of secretions from the pancreas, liver and gallbladder |
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Term
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Definition
| - is the site of entry for the secretions regulated by the Sphincter of Oddi |
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Term
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Definition
- is the second section of the small intestine
- 6 ft long
- runs from duodenum to ileum
- contains large villi for increased absorption |
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Term
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Definition
- 3rd section of the small intestine
- 9 ft long
- ends at the ileocecal sphincter
- contains numerous clusters of lacteals to enhance fat absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| - connects the ileum of the small intestine to the cecum of the large intestine |
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Term
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Definition
- All of the divisions of the small intestines are connected to each other and to the posterior abdominal wall by a section of the peritoneum called _______.
- It is a large fan-shaped structure consisting of two omentums |
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Term
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Definition
- also known as the fatty apron
- is a double-layered structure that connects to the greater curvature of the stomach and duodenum, drapes down over the coils of the small intestine, and then attaches to the transverse colon |
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Term
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Definition
| - is a fatty, membranous extension of the peritoneum and attaches from the right side of the stomach and first section of the duodenum to the liver. |
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Term
| Where does absorption occur? |
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Definition
- 90% in the small intestine
- 10% split between the large intestine and the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
- secrete alkaline mucus, and other digestive enzymes
- these enzymes promote the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
- also known as the colon
- is the final stretch of the undigested and unabsorbed food takes before exiting the body.
- produces mucus that allows developing fecal matter to move down more easily |
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Term
| What is the main function of the large intestine |
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Definition
| - water absorption is the main function |
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Term
| How is the large intestine divided? |
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Definition
- cecum
- colon proper (4 divisions)
- rectum
- anal canal
- and anus |
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Term
| What are the 4 divisions of colon proper? |
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Definition
1) ascending
2) transverse
3) decending
4) sigmoid |
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Term
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Definition
| - thick, longitudinal bands located in the large intestines, that resemble a thread-gathering fabric |
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Term
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Definition
| - is a series of pouches formed by the gathers, or tucks, along the length of the colon |
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Term
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Definition
- is the 1st section of the colon
- it is a small saclike structure located in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen |
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Term
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Definition
| - is a lymph gland that is suspended from and opening into the inferior portion of the cecum |
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Term
| What is the main function of the rectum and anal canal? |
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Definition
| - storage of fecal matter |
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Term
| What are the two sphincters of the anal canal? |
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Definition
1) Internal sphincter - containing visceral muscle
2) External sphincter - containing skeletal muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
- is the largest internal organ of the body
- the main function (pertaining to the digestive system) is the production of bile
- consists of:
- hepatocytes
- sinusoids
- kupffer's cells |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| - venous channels, in the liver, made up of hepatocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| - phagocytic cells that destroy pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
- digestive emulifier
- breaks down fat globules into smaller ones, which makes it easier for digestive enzymes to work |
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Term
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Definition
- stores bile produced by the liver
- the sphincter of Oddi controls the release of bile into the duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
- is the most important digestive gland
- breaks down digestible foods
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Fats |
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Term
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Definition
| - secreted by the pancreas to neutralize the acid chyme from the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| - naturally occurring organic compounds that contain large combinations of amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
- the building blocks of protein
- are a major component for building muscles, blood, skin, hair, nails, and visceral organs |
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Term
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Definition
- starches and sugars
- body's preferred source of energy
- required for the metabolism of other nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
- needed to store energy and insulation
- composed of lipids or fatty acids
- can range in consistency
- solid - saturated
- liquid - unsaturated |
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Term
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Definition
| - organic compounds essential for normal physiological and metabolic functioning of the body |
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Term
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Definition
- essential NON-ORGANIC compounds found in nature
- needed for building bones |
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Term
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Definition
| - essential nutrient that every part of the body needs |
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Term
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Definition
| - is a sudden expulsion of air to clear the lungs and lower respiratory passageways of irritants or foreign materials |
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Term
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Definition
| - is a response to emotions, such as grief, pain, fear, or joy |
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Term
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Definition
| - are intermittent contractions of the diaphragm followed by a spasmodic closure of the vocal cords |
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Term
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Definition
| - involves the same modified respiratory patterns as crying and is usually in response to happiness, being tickled, or something that strikes us as funny |
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Term
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Definition
| - is a forceful involuntary expulsion of air through the nose and mouth to clear the upper respiratory passageways |
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Term
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Definition
| - is audible breathing during sleep resulting from vibration of the uvula and soft palate |
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Term
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Definition
| - is a very deep breath, initiated by opening the mouth wide and through movements of the upper torso to expand the chest |
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