Term
|
Definition
| large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe; part of the conducting airways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any of the major air passages of the lungs that diverge from the windpipe; part of the conducting airways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any of the minute branches into which a bronchus divides; part of the conducting airways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bronchiole at the end of the conducting zone that branches into the respiratory airways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interrupted by alveoli which are thin walled evaginations. Alveolar ducts are distal continuations; part of the respiratory airways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opening through which air passes between the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli; part of the respiratory airways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cluster of alveoli that share a common chamber or central atrium; part of the respiratory airways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cavity in the thorax that contains the lungs and heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pleura that lines the inner chest walls and covers the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pleura that covers the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhalation: the act of inhaling; the drawing in of air (or other gases) as in breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exhalation: the act of expelling air from the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (squamous alveolar cells) are responsible for gas exchange in the alveoli and cover a majority of the alveolar surface area (>95%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (great alveolar cells)(septal cells) are granular and roughly cuboidal in shape; specialized and secretes surfactant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| velocity of gas exchange = K*(pressure differential*gas solubility/sqrtGas density); K is directly proportional to exchange surface area and inversely proportional to diffusion barrier thickness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each containing an iron atom bound to a heme group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of organic compounds of which many occur in nature. One of the best known is heme, the pigment in red blood cells. Heme is a cofactor of the protein hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acidosis and bicarbonate concentration in the body fluids resulting either from the accumulation of acids or the abnormal loss of bases from the body (as in diarrhea or renal disease) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acidosis resulting from reduced gas exchange in the lungs (as in emphysema or pneumonia); excess carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid which increases the acidity of the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath (quiet breathing) |
|
|
Term
| Inspiratory reserve volume |
|
Definition
| amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort |
|
|
Term
| Expiratory reserve volume |
|
Definition
| amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal expiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of air remaining in lungs after a maximum expiration; keeps alveoli inflated and mixes with new air in the next breath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of a pair of nerves that arises from cervical spinal roots and passes down the thorax to innervate the diaphragm and control breathing; causes diaphragm to contract |
|
|
Term
| External and internal intercostal muscles |
|
Definition
| muscles that run between and over ribs that help expand chest cavity |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral chemoreceptors |
|
Definition
| act most importantly to detect variation of the oxygen in the arterial blood, in addition to detecting arterial carbon dioxide and pH; stimulated by decreased PO2 (hypoxia), increased [H+], increased PCO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporary cessation of breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fatty tissues in the pharynx and neck can compress the airway and block it. When this occurs, the body's carbon dioxide levels rise to uncomfortable and unsafe levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for the regulation of bodily fluids and the elimination of wastes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| either of two bean-shaped excretory organs that filter wastes (especially urea) from the blood and excrete them and water in urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| either of a pair of thick-walled tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a structure shaped like a funnel in the outlet of the kidney into which urine is discharged before passing into the ureter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each of the functional units in the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus and its associated tubule, through which the glomerular filtrate passes before emerging as urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla, containing the glomeruli and the convoluted tubules; striated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| innermost part of the kidney; granular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membranous sac in humans and other animals, in which urine is collected for excretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capsule-shaped membranous structure surrounding the glomerulus of each nephron in the kidneys of mammals that extracts wastes, excess salts, and water from the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cluster of capillaries around the end of a kidney tubule, where waste products are filtered from the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of a kidney tubule that forms a long loop in the medulla of the kidney, from which water and salts are resorbed into the blood |
|
|
Term
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus |
|
Definition
| microscopic structure in the kidney, which regulates the function of each nephron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an area of closely packed specialized cells lining the wall of the distal tubule at the point of return of the nephron to the vascular pole of its parent glomerulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capillary system that serves the loop of Henle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme secreted by and stored in the kidneys that promotes the production of the protein angiotensin |
|
|
Term
| Atrial naturietic peptide |
|
Definition
| ANP, decreases aldosterone in response to increased blood volume and increases Na+ secretion |
|
|
