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Respiratory Pathology & Disease
defense systems, paralysis
67
Biology
Undergraduate 2
12/01/2013

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Cards

Term
What is the proper term for roaring?
Definition
laryngeal hemiplagia
Term
What is recurrent laryngeal neuropathy?
Definition
degeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, leads to partial paralysis of the larynx
Term
Degeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve leads to what?
Definition
recurrent laryngeal neuropathy
Term
What are the non-specific defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract?
Definition
Mucus & Cellular Defenses
Term
What does mucus do?
Definition
-traps particles
-moistens the tissue
-contains specialized enzymes which target bacterial cell walls (lysozymes)
Term
Describe the mucocilliary apparatus
Definition
-trachea to terminal bronchioles (upper resp tract)
-has specialized ciliated epithelium
-double mucus layer
-poor cough mechanism
Term
How many cilia are found on each cell of the specialized ciliated epithelium?
Definition
approx 200
Term
What is the function of the specialized ciliated epithelium? How many cm/min and beats per second?
Definition
pushes mucus & debris up to the pharynx where it can then be swallowed
2cm/min, 15-20 beats per second
Term
What are the two mucus layers called, what cells are they associated with and which is more viscous?
Definition
-inner 'sol' layer (submucosal glands)
-outer 'gel' layer (goblet cells)

Gel is more viscous
Term
How do the cilia & mucus layers function?
Definition
-forward facing cilia push mucus & debris in the gel layer forwards
-cilia fold and move back through the 'sol' layer
-gel layer doesn't get pulled back
Term
Why is posture important for clearing the airway?
Definition
-poor cough mechanism
-postural drainage important to clear blockages
Term
What non-specific cellular defense mechanisms are found in the lower respiratory tract?
Definition
alveolar macrophages
Term
What is the square area of the alveolar surface?
Definition
2500m^2
Term
What do the alveolar macrophages do?
Definition
-release enzymes & chemicals
-phagocytosis of particles/bacteria
-attract other WBC
-stimulate specific defense mechanisms
-adapted to function in high O2 environment of the lungs
Term
What other non-specific cellular defenses are there?
Definition
-other granular WBC
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-mast cells
Term
What do neutrophils do?
Definition
phagocytosis of bacteria
Term
What do eosinophils do?
Definition
attack metazoan parasites e.g. lungworm
Term
What do mast cells do?
Definition
mediate the action of the rest of the immune system
Term
What specific cellular defense cells are found within the bone marrow?
Definition
pluripotent hematopoietic cells
Term
What cells are found within pluripotent hematopoeitic cells? What are the 3 types?
Definition
lymphoid progenitor cells
3 types of lymphocytes:
B cells
T cells
Natural killers
Term
What do B cells do?
Definition
differentiate to form antibody-producing cells and memory cells
Term
What do T cells do?
Definition
kill virus-infected cells, regulate WBC activity
Term
What do natural killers do>
Definition
lyse virus-infected or cancerous body cells
Term
What do antigens do?
Definition
-stimulate a specific immune response
eg. markers on cell surfaces, protein coats etc
Term
What does MHC stand for?
Definition
Major Histocompatability Complex
Term
What do MHC I do?
Definition
-found only in nucleated cells
-unique to every individual
-important for organ transplant rejection
Term
What do MHC II do?
Definition
-on surface of antigen-presenting cells
Term
Do RBC have MHC I?
Definition
no, because they do not have a nucleus
Term
What are the 2 types of specific immune responses?
Definition
Humoral & Cellular
Term
What cells are associated with humoral response?
Definition
B cells (produce antigens)
Term
What cells are associated with cellular response?
Definition
T cells (stimulate B cells & kill cells presenting antigen)
Term
Describe the humoral cellular response
Definition
-infection with viral cells
-B cells recognize the antigens
-B cells undergo differentiation to produce plasma cells & memory cells
-plasma cells secrete antibodies which will target the infected cells
-memory cells remain in the body and will allow for faster immune response next time
Term
Where do antibodies bind to cells?
Definition
antigenic determinant
Term
Describe how antibodies to bacteria work
Definition
-bacteria covered with antibodies & antibody determinant bind to macrophage receptors
-phagocytosis is activated
Term
How does a virus infection normally work?
Definition
-virus attaches to cell
-undergoes endocytosis to enter cell
-acidic pH degrades protein coating
-RNA is released
Term
How can a virus infection be stopped with antigens? (3 ways)
Definition
-block attachment
-block endocytosis
-block the uncoating
Term
How can a virus be prevented from attaching?
Definition
-antibodies sterically block the attachment to the cells, stabilizing the capsid
Term
How can a virus be prevented from uncoating?
Definition
-stabilize the capsid results in fusion interference
Term
What are the two components of a vaccine?
Definition
adjuvant + antigen
Term
What does the antigen component of a vaccine do?
Definition
Stimulates a specific immune response
Term
What does the adjuvant component of a vaccine do?
Definition
Stimulates a non specific immune response
Term
What is the most important effect of vaccination?
Definition
creates a population of memory B cells which can respond rapidly to future infections
Term
What is the proper term for heaves?
Definition
Recurrent airway obstruction
Term
What might cause heaves?
Definition
environmental & genetic influences

hypersensitivity to inhaled allergens
e.g. mould, dust particles, endotoxins
Term
What is the average age of onset for heaves?
Definition
9 years
Term
What is heaves?
Definition
periodic obstruction of the airway
Term
What are the effects of heaves?
Definition
-airway inflammation
-epithelial injury
-increased mucous production
-bronchoconstricton
Term
What are the clinical signs of heaves?
Definition
-cough
-nasal discharge
-increased respiratory rate
-exercise intolerance
-heave line
Term
How can heaves be treated?
Definition
MINIMIZE DUST

corticosteroids + bronchodialators
Term
What is the difference in the action of a corticosteroid vs a bronchodilator?
Definition
Corticosteroids reduce inflammation (may take several days)

Bronchodilators bring immediate relief to smooth muscle
Term
Name two bacterial respiratory diseases
Definition
Strangles
Bacterial Pneumonia
Term
How is strangles typically spread?
Definition
bodily discharges & contaminated equipment
Term
How does the streptococcus equi bacteria act?
Definition
-adhere to epithelial cells of upper respiratory tract
-spreads to lymph nodes of head & neck
Term
What are common predisposing factors for bacterial pneumonia?
Definition
-long distance transport, general anesthesia, strenuous exercise
Term
What bacteria is associated with pneumonia?
Definition
Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus
Pleuropneumonia
Rhodococcus equi
Term
What is rhodococcus equi?
Definition
abscesses in the lungs of foals (bacterial pneumonia)
Term
Name 3 viral respiratory infections
Definition
Equine Influenza
Equine Herpes Virus
Equine Viral Arteritis
Term
What is equine influenza & how is it transmitted
Definition
Disruption of mucocilliary apparatus by damaging the epithelial cells
Predisposes to secondary bacterial infection

Transmitted by direct contact with secretions
Term
What is the incubation period of equine influenza? How long are signs exhibited for? How long for recovery
Definition
3 days
3 days
2-3 weeks or 6 months if severe
Term
How many different herpes viruses are there?
Definition
5
Term
What causes EHV & how long is the incubation period
Definition
Inhalation or ingestion
2-10 days
Term
is EHV an upper or lower respiratory tract infection?
Definition
upper
Term
How can EVA be transmitted?
Definition
resporatory, venereal, congenital or indirectly
Term
How long is the incubation period of EVA?
Definition
3-14 days
Term
Are clinical signs of EVA consistent?
Definition
no, varies within a group of infected horses
Term
What is the risk of EVA to pregnant mares?
Definition
abortions
Term
What are typical signs of respiratory infections?
Definition
fever, cough, discharge
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