Term
What is the proper term for roaring? |
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Definition
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Term
What is recurrent laryngeal neuropathy? |
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Definition
degeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, leads to partial paralysis of the larynx |
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Term
Degeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve leads to what? |
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Definition
recurrent laryngeal neuropathy |
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Term
What are the non-specific defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract? |
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Definition
Mucus & Cellular Defenses |
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Term
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Definition
-traps particles -moistens the tissue -contains specialized enzymes which target bacterial cell walls (lysozymes) |
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Term
Describe the mucocilliary apparatus |
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Definition
-trachea to terminal bronchioles (upper resp tract) -has specialized ciliated epithelium -double mucus layer -poor cough mechanism |
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Term
How many cilia are found on each cell of the specialized ciliated epithelium? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the function of the specialized ciliated epithelium? How many cm/min and beats per second? |
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Definition
pushes mucus & debris up to the pharynx where it can then be swallowed 2cm/min, 15-20 beats per second |
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Term
What are the two mucus layers called, what cells are they associated with and which is more viscous? |
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Definition
-inner 'sol' layer (submucosal glands) -outer 'gel' layer (goblet cells)
Gel is more viscous |
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Term
How do the cilia & mucus layers function? |
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Definition
-forward facing cilia push mucus & debris in the gel layer forwards -cilia fold and move back through the 'sol' layer -gel layer doesn't get pulled back |
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Term
Why is posture important for clearing the airway? |
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Definition
-poor cough mechanism -postural drainage important to clear blockages |
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Term
What non-specific cellular defense mechanisms are found in the lower respiratory tract? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the square area of the alveolar surface? |
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Definition
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Term
What do the alveolar macrophages do? |
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Definition
-release enzymes & chemicals -phagocytosis of particles/bacteria -attract other WBC -stimulate specific defense mechanisms -adapted to function in high O2 environment of the lungs |
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Term
What other non-specific cellular defenses are there? |
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Definition
-other granular WBC -neutrophils -eosinophils -mast cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
attack metazoan parasites e.g. lungworm |
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Term
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Definition
mediate the action of the rest of the immune system |
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Term
What specific cellular defense cells are found within the bone marrow? |
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Definition
pluripotent hematopoietic cells |
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Term
What cells are found within pluripotent hematopoeitic cells? What are the 3 types? |
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Definition
lymphoid progenitor cells 3 types of lymphocytes: B cells T cells Natural killers |
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Term
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Definition
differentiate to form antibody-producing cells and memory cells |
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Term
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Definition
kill virus-infected cells, regulate WBC activity |
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Term
What do natural killers do> |
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Definition
lyse virus-infected or cancerous body cells |
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Term
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Definition
-stimulate a specific immune response eg. markers on cell surfaces, protein coats etc |
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Term
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Definition
Major Histocompatability Complex |
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Term
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Definition
-found only in nucleated cells -unique to every individual -important for organ transplant rejection |
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Term
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Definition
-on surface of antigen-presenting cells |
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Term
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Definition
no, because they do not have a nucleus |
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Term
What are the 2 types of specific immune responses? |
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Definition
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Term
What cells are associated with humoral response? |
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Definition
B cells (produce antigens) |
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Term
What cells are associated with cellular response? |
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Definition
T cells (stimulate B cells & kill cells presenting antigen) |
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Term
Describe the humoral cellular response |
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Definition
-infection with viral cells -B cells recognize the antigens -B cells undergo differentiation to produce plasma cells & memory cells -plasma cells secrete antibodies which will target the infected cells -memory cells remain in the body and will allow for faster immune response next time |
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Term
Where do antibodies bind to cells? |
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Definition
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Term
Describe how antibodies to bacteria work |
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Definition
-bacteria covered with antibodies & antibody determinant bind to macrophage receptors -phagocytosis is activated |
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Term
How does a virus infection normally work? |
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Definition
-virus attaches to cell -undergoes endocytosis to enter cell -acidic pH degrades protein coating -RNA is released |
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Term
How can a virus infection be stopped with antigens? (3 ways) |
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Definition
-block attachment -block endocytosis -block the uncoating |
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Term
How can a virus be prevented from attaching? |
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Definition
-antibodies sterically block the attachment to the cells, stabilizing the capsid |
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Term
How can a virus be prevented from uncoating? |
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Definition
-stabilize the capsid results in fusion interference |
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Term
What are the two components of a vaccine? |
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Definition
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Term
What does the antigen component of a vaccine do? |
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Definition
Stimulates a specific immune response |
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Term
What does the adjuvant component of a vaccine do? |
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Definition
Stimulates a non specific immune response |
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Term
What is the most important effect of vaccination? |
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Definition
creates a population of memory B cells which can respond rapidly to future infections |
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Term
What is the proper term for heaves? |
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Definition
Recurrent airway obstruction |
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Term
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Definition
environmental & genetic influences
hypersensitivity to inhaled allergens e.g. mould, dust particles, endotoxins |
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Term
What is the average age of onset for heaves? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
periodic obstruction of the airway |
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Term
What are the effects of heaves? |
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Definition
-airway inflammation -epithelial injury -increased mucous production -bronchoconstricton |
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Term
What are the clinical signs of heaves? |
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Definition
-cough -nasal discharge -increased respiratory rate -exercise intolerance -heave line |
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Term
How can heaves be treated? |
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Definition
MINIMIZE DUST
corticosteroids + bronchodialators |
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Term
What is the difference in the action of a corticosteroid vs a bronchodilator? |
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Definition
Corticosteroids reduce inflammation (may take several days)
Bronchodilators bring immediate relief to smooth muscle |
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Term
Name two bacterial respiratory diseases |
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Definition
Strangles Bacterial Pneumonia |
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Term
How is strangles typically spread? |
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Definition
bodily discharges & contaminated equipment |
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Term
How does the streptococcus equi bacteria act? |
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Definition
-adhere to epithelial cells of upper respiratory tract -spreads to lymph nodes of head & neck |
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Term
What are common predisposing factors for bacterial pneumonia? |
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Definition
-long distance transport, general anesthesia, strenuous exercise |
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Term
What bacteria is associated with pneumonia? |
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Definition
Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus Pleuropneumonia Rhodococcus equi |
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Term
What is rhodococcus equi? |
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Definition
abscesses in the lungs of foals (bacterial pneumonia) |
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Term
Name 3 viral respiratory infections |
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Definition
Equine Influenza Equine Herpes Virus Equine Viral Arteritis |
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Term
What is equine influenza & how is it transmitted |
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Definition
Disruption of mucocilliary apparatus by damaging the epithelial cells Predisposes to secondary bacterial infection
Transmitted by direct contact with secretions |
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Term
What is the incubation period of equine influenza? How long are signs exhibited for? How long for recovery |
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Definition
3 days 3 days 2-3 weeks or 6 months if severe |
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Term
How many different herpes viruses are there? |
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Definition
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Term
What causes EHV & how long is the incubation period |
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Definition
Inhalation or ingestion 2-10 days |
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Term
is EHV an upper or lower respiratory tract infection? |
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Definition
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Term
How can EVA be transmitted? |
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Definition
resporatory, venereal, congenital or indirectly |
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Term
How long is the incubation period of EVA? |
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Definition
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Term
Are clinical signs of EVA consistent? |
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Definition
no, varies within a group of infected horses |
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Term
What is the risk of EVA to pregnant mares? |
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Definition
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Term
What are typical signs of respiratory infections? |
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Definition
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