Term
| Pulmonary circulation is high perfusion (high perfusion ensures that plenty of blood is available in the lungs for gas exchange. The lungs receive as much blood in one minute as the rest of the body! But because there are so many pulmonary capillaries, blood velocity through them is slow enough to allow efficient gas exchange (diffusion). |
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Definition
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Term
| Pulmonary circulation is high perfusion, low pressure. The right ventricle of the heart pumps with less force than the left ventricle. Low pulmonary pressure results in less fluid loss from pulmonary capillaries to the interstitial space; keeps respiratory membrane thin - ideal for diffusion. |
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Definition
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Term
| During ventricular systole, average pulmonary pressure is only 25mmhg -- compare to average systemic systolic pressure of 125mmHg. Pulmonary pressure is almost 5 times higher than systemic pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ventilation-perfusion coupling sends more blood to the better airated portions of the lungs and less blood to the less airated portions of the lung. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three influences on bronchiole diameter. |
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Definition
| 1) During exercise, sympathetic stimulation causes bronchodilation reducing resistance to airflow, 2)Drugs (hormones) - epenephrine 3)The bronchioles dilate in response to increased airway CO2, reducing resistance to airflow. |
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Term
| Pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is a mixture of gases and has a total pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________, Also called intrapulmonary pressure, is the air pressure inside alveoli. |
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Definition
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Term
| During _______ ___________ (breathing) air flows between the atmosphere and the alveoli. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ability of lung tissue to stretch (during inhalation). |
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Definition
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Term
| The ability of the lung tissue to recoil (during exhalation). |
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Definition
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Term
| Healthy lung tissue has both _______________ and _____________. |
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Definition
| high compliance and high elasticity |
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Term
| Emphysema destroys lung elasticity. Recoil is reduced, and the lung tissue retains too much air after exhalation. Air retention means that alveolar air is not fully exchanged with atmospheric air. |
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Definition
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Term
| The term "barrel chest" refers to a person with what disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Coats surface of alveolar. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pressure in the pleural cavity. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens if pressure around lungs is not less than air pressure inside lungs? |
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Definition
| lungs collapse if intrapleural pressure exceeds alveolar pressure. |
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Term
| 2 events that increase intrapleural pressure to abnormally high values. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is blood in pleural cavity. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is air in pleural cavity. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is the opposition to airflow. Resistance increases the work of breathing. |
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Definition
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Term
| a deficiency of oxygen at the tissue level |
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Definition
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Term
| above-normal partial pressure of carbon dioxide |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| deep, abdominal breathing |
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Definition
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Term
| hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction to divert pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated to well-ventilated regions of the lungs |
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Definition
| ventilation–perfusion coupling |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What factor increases the work of breathing? |
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Definition
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Term
| the ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded |
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Definition
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Term
| hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction to divert pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated to well-ventilated regions of the lungs |
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Definition
| ventilation–perfusion coupling |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| relates to the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases whereby each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure as if all the other gases were not present |
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Definition
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Term
| Large increases in resistance occur in abnormal situation such as: ___________, ___________ |
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Definition
| 1) accumulation of mucus during infection 2) Histamine release during asthma attach or severe allergic reaction. |
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Term
| _________ _________ is the opposition to airflow. |
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Definition
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Term
| Is inhalation active or passive? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is exhalation active? |
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Definition
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Term
| when is exhalation passive? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| do the pleurae draw out when inhaling? |
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Definition
| Because they are trying to separate. |
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Term
| What causes the movement of O2 and CO2 in opposite directions? |
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Definition
| Occurs by independent diffusion of each gas. |
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Term
| What are the 3 sites of exchange for O2 and CO2? |
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Definition
| 1)between atmosphere and aveolar air during ventilation. 2)between alveolar air and blood in pulmonary capillaries. 3)between the blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells. |
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Term
| What is the pressure of a gas in a mixture called? |
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Definition
| It's called the partial pressure of that gas. Partial pressure is denoted by the letter 'P'. The higher the concentration of a gas in the mixture, the greater the partial pressure of the gas. |
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Term
| The concentration of any gas is (directly) or (indirectly) related to the pressure of that gas. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gases diffuse (up or down) their partial pressure gradients? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the opposite movements of O2 and CO2 result in gas exchange. |
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Definition
| Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the peripheral tissue and back. Carbon dioxide moves from the peripheral tissue to the alveoli and back. Both in decreasing amounts. |
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Term
| What are the factors that affect gas exchange. |
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Definition
| 1)partial pressure differences 2)surface area (i.e., emphysema destroys alveolar walls decreasing gas exchange) 3)diffusion distances (normally respiratory membrane is very thin but with pulmonary edema the wall is thickened increasing diffusion distances and decreases gas exchange) 4)molecular weigth and solubility of the gases. |
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Term
| Which gas is heavier, CO2 or O2? |
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Definition
| CO2, as a result CO2 diffuses 20X more rapidly than O2 across the respiratory membrane. |
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Term
| Which is gas is more soluble, CO2 or O2? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does Hypoxia (increases or decreases) the tissue O2 levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does Hypercapnia (increase or decrease) tissue CO2 levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what pulmonary disease does the destruction of alveoli reduce surface area for gas exchange? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what pulmonary disease does flid in interstitial space increase diffusion distance. Arterial PCO2 may be normal due to higher CO2 solubility in water for gas exchange? |
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Definition
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Term
| What pulmonary disease increases airway resistance decreasing airway ventilation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ventilation is controlled by: |
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Definition
| 1)Somatic motor neurons stimulating muscles of breathing 2)These neurons are controled by the CNS |
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Term
| Describe ventilation neurons that are controlled by the CNS. |
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Definition
| 1)respiratory neurons in the medualla oblongata control inhalation and exhalation (respond to many influences but particularly to CO2 levels, act like pacemaker sending impulses to the skeletal muscles of respiration 2)neurons in the PONS modulate ventilation (sending inhibitory signals to the medualla, preventing overinflation of lungs )3)chemoreceptors-detect gas levels |
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Term
| What is the most important chemical affecting ventilation? |
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Definition
| CO2 in causes the respiratory neurons to increase rate and depth of breathing. |
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Term
| What does CO2 in the CSF cause? |
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Definition
| Causes the respiratory neurons to increase rate and depth of breathing. |
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Term
| A person cannot breath on own without the medulla oblongata. True or False |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the PONS do for ventilation? |
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Definition
| Sends inhibitory signals to the medulla, preventing overinflation of lungs. |
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Term
| Central chemoreceptors in CNS detect gas levels in the _________ ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral chemoreceptors in CNS detect levels in ____________, & __________ |
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Definition
| blood of aorta, common carotids |
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