Term
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Definition
| Process of gas exchange btwn environment and body cells. Occurs in lungs between capillaries. |
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Term
| Name the organs of the respiratory tract - upper(4) and lower (4) |
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Definition
upper: nose, nasal cavity, sinuses and pharynx
Lower: Larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of sinuses. "sinuses flare up" which blocks drainage into nasal cavity |
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Term
| Pharynx: throat. Acts as a... |
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Definition
| ...passageway for food (goes to the esophagus) and air (goes to larynx) |
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Term
| What are the 3 regions of pharynx? |
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Definition
1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Laryngeopharynx |
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Term
| Larynx: voicebox. Enlargement superior to trachea. |
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Definition
Houses vocal cords (false superior to true). Passageway for air.
Made of cartilage & muscle --> Thyroid & Cricoid cartilage.
Epi/glottis. |
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Term
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Definition
| vocal folds and space between the vocal chords |
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Term
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Definition
flexible tube.
bifurcates into R and L bronchi
lined with ciliated mucus membrane.
C shaped cartilage rings prevent trachea from collapsing.
Smooth muscle in between those cartilage rings. |
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Term
| What makes up the "bronchial tree"? |
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Definition
Primary bronchi on both sides.
Down to: Secondary bronchi - branch into the lungs & have cartilage plate.
Down to: Bronchioles (do not have cartilage; little smooth muscle)
Down to: Alveoli (gas exchange occurs at this level) |
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Term
| Alveoli. How many in each lung? Purpose? Made of what kind of epithelium? |
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Definition
| 300 million in one lung. Provide large surface area for gas exchange. Simple squamous epithelium. Oxygen come out of alve's and carbon dioxide goes into them from blood capillaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| directly touching the lungs while parietal pleura touches thoracic cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
Atmospheric pressure moves air into the lungs
When respiratory tract is at rest, pressure inside the lungs is equal to pressure outside thoracic wall. |
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Term
| Pressure is BLANK-ly related to Volume. |
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Definition
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Term
| Low pressure in lungs/alveoli causes air to |
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Definition
| enter the lungs. to Increase volume. |
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Term
| Inhalation uses which organs |
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Definition
| diaphragm and external intercostal muscles |
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Term
| Diaphragm stimulated by which nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| When diaphragm stimulated, what direction does it move and what happens to thoracic cavity? What happens to surrounding muscles? |
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Definition
the muscle moves downward and the t. cavity expands
The other muscles contract, which elevates the ribs & sternum. & lungs expand. |
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Term
| What lies between visceral and parietal layers of pleura? |
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Definition
| serous fluid. attracts visceral layer to move to chest wall. |
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Term
| What helps expand the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Some cells secrete surfactant which: |
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Definition
| decreases surface tension and allows alveoli to inflate easily during inhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| the ease with which lungs expand. |
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Term
| What doesn't help expand the alveoli? |
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Definition
| being moist (opp of lungs.) most alveoli collapse so surfactant tries to counteract that from happening during inhalation. |
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Term
| What other muscles are used in deeper breaths? |
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Definition
| pectoralis minor and sternocleidomastoid. these expand and raise the rib cage |
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Term
| What constitutes one respiration cycle? |
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Definition
| One inhalation and one expiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| the total amount of air in one respiratory cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| same thing as tidal volume just ensure that no deep breaths. 500 ml of air. |
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Term
| Inspiratory reserve volume is: |
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Definition
during maximal INspiration.
so it's resting tidal volume + extra.
3000 mL |
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Term
| Expiratory reserve volume is: |
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Definition
during maximal EXpiration.
so it's resting tidal volume + extra air that LEAVES lungs.
1100 mL |
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Term
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Definition
| air that remains in the lungs (1200 mL) |
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Term
| Nonrespiratory movement: Coughing |
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Definition
| Air is forced towards glottis and it suddenly opens. Used to dislodge object in lower respiratory tract. |
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Term
| Nonrespiratory movement: Sneezing |
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Definition
| Air is forced towards nasal cavity. Clears upper respiratory tract. |
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Term
| Nonrespiratory movement: Laughing/crying |
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Definition
| breath is released in series of short exhalations |
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Term
| Nonrespiratory movement: Hiccup |
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Definition
| Sudden exhalation due to contraction of diaphragm while glottis is closed. Air striking the vocal cords causes sound. |
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Term
| Nonrespiratory movement: Speech |
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Definition
| air is forced through larynx causing vocal cords to vibrate |
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Term
| Basic breathing rhythms controlled by |
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Definition
| medullary repiratory center: SPECIFICALLY DORSAL R. CENTER |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Forceful breathing controlled by |
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Definition
| medullary repiratory center: SPECIFICALLY VENTRAL R. CENTER |
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Term
| Partial pressure in breathing is the amount of each gas in a mixture. uses which receptors? |
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Definition
| mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors. |
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Term
| Which receptors keep lungs from overinflating? |
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Definition
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Term
| central chemoreceptors in ventral medulla oblongata respond to changes in: |
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Definition
| in blood pH levels by sensing CO2 levels |
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Term
| a decrease in oxygen stimulates 2 things: |
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Definition
| an increase in tidal volume and alveolar ventilation |
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Term
| peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid bodies & aortic bodies monitor the partial pressure of |
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Definition
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Term
| Hyperventilation occurs when: and causes: |
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Definition
| blood concentrations of carbon dioxide increase and oxygen decreases. causes quick, shallow breaths in order to reduce CO2 levels |
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Term
| what other chemicals can be found in respiratory membranes besides air, since membranes are so thin? |
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Definition
| alcohol. and acetone in untreated diabetics. |
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Term
| bonds between oxygen and hemoglobin are weak. hemoglobin releases oxygen in tissues that are low on it. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a different part of hemoglobin. Carbamino-hemoglobin. 25% of CO2 is transported this way. |
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