Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does mechinal ventilation do? |
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Definition
| assists or bypasses pt ability to breathe on their own |
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Term
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Definition
| Positive end expitory pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of air into and out of the airways is referred to as ventilation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The whole process of gas exchange is referred to as respiration |
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Term
| What are normal pulmonary pressures? |
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Definition
| usually 20-30 mmHg over 5-15 mmHg |
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Term
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Definition
| perfusion is the movement of blood through the pulmonary vasculature |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased arterial oxygen supply which can lead to a condition called hypoxia which is a decreased oxygen supply to tissues and cells. |
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Term
| How do we measure Hypoxemia? |
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Definition
| Hypoxemia can be measured through arterial blood gas analysis or indirectly through pulse oximetry monitoring |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypoxia will occur if there is an inadequate amount of oxygen available for cellular metabolism. (tissue death) |
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Term
| What is Partial pressure? |
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Definition
| pressure exerted from a gas in a mixture of gasses. Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is referred to as PaO2. |
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Term
| What is a normal PaO2 range? |
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Definition
| Normal PaO2 levels are 80 – 100 mmHg. |
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Term
| What is a normal PaCO2 range? |
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Definition
| Normal PaCO2 levels are 35-45 mmHg. |
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Term
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Definition
Normal pH is 7.35-7.45
A pH that is less than 6.8 or greater than 7.8 is incompatible with life. |
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Term
| Respiratory Alkalosis values (directions) |
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Definition
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Term
| causes of Respiratory Alkalosis |
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Definition
Hyperventilation
Mechanial ventialtion
emboli, pneumothorax, or pneumonia
(loosing CO2 from the lungs) |
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Term
| What are Pleural effusions? |
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Definition
| an accumulation of fluid between the layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavity. |
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Term
| Respiratory Acidosis values (up or down) |
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Definition
pH down
pCO2 up
(keeping CO2 in the lungs) |
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Term
| Causes of Respiratory Acidosis |
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Definition
| drug overdose, later stages of pulmonary emboli, pneumothorax or pneumonia, airway obstruction, chest trauma or neuromuscular diseases. Respiratory acidosis can be caused by any disorder that impairs ventilation causing the client to retain CO2. |
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Term
| How to tell ifPartial compensation has occoured |
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Definition
| Partial compensation occurs when the lungs or kidneys are attempting to restore hydrogen ion concentration but have not completely done so yet. This can be identified in an arterial blood gas sample in which all three of the values (CO2, pH, and HCO3) are out of normal range. |
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Term
| How to tell when Full compensation occurs |
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Definition
| Full compensation occurs when the lungs and kidneys have restored hydrogen ion concentration back to normal values. This can be identified in an arterial blood gas sample in which the pH is normal but the CO2 and HCO3 are out of normal range. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a collection of pus in the space between the lung and the inside of the chest wall (pleural space). |
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Term
Low-Flow Oxygen
Administration Systems |
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Definition
Nasal Cannula
Simple Mask
Partial Non-rebreather
100% Non-rebreather |
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Term
High-Flow Oxygen
Administration Systems |
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Definition
Ventrui Mask
Aresol Mask
T-piece
Tracheostomy Collar |
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Term
| Signs and symptoms of oxygen toxicity |
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Definition
| include chest pain, paresthesias, shortness of breath, restlessness, fatigue or malaise. The client may develop infiltrates on chest x-ray or refractory hypoxemia. |
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Term
| When assessing A mechanical ventilator nurse must know the following parameters: |
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Definition
| Mode of ventilation
Tidal volume
Rate setting
Patient respiratory rate
FiO2
PEEP
Alarms |
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Term
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Definition
| Atelectasis is the closure, blockage or collapse of alveoli. |
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Term
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Definition
frequent suctioning, chest physiotherapy, nebulizer treatments or intermittent positive pressure
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Term
| prevention of Atelectasis |
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Definition
| frequent turning of the immobilized client, frequent ambulation of the mobile client, instruction and encouragement in the use of incentive spirometry as well as coughing and deep breathing |
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Term
| Risk factors for pneumonia |
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Definition
| Risk factors include prolonged immobility, the COPD client, the immunosupressed client, the smoker, client with advanced age, the client who has undergone anesthesia for a surgical procedure, the client on a ventilator, or any client with an alteration in level of consciousness |
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Term
| what is a positive Mantoux test or PPD skin test? |
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Definition
An induration and not just redness measuring10 mm or greater in diameter after 72 hours is considered positive
A positive reaction does not mean that the active disease is present, but indicates exposure to TB or the presence of inactive (dormant) disease. |
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Term
| What is the definative TB dx test? |
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Definition
| Sputum culture of M. Tuberculosis is the only diagnostic that confirms the diagnosis (1 - 3 weeks) |
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Term
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Definition
| Pulmonary edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial lung tissue, the alveolar space or both. |
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Term
| What are the clinical symptoms of pulmonary edema? |
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Definition
| central cyanosis, air hunger, retractions, crackles/rales, anxiousness, tachycardia, confusion in elderly, and cool and clammy skin. The hallmark sign of pulmonary edema is pink frothy sputum |
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Term
| How can Pleural effusion be diagnosed? |
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Definition
| CXR, CT, as well as in combination with assessment findings. Thoracentisis may also confirm the presence of fluid. |
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Term
| How to Diagnosis pulmonary edema? |
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Definition
| through physical assessment, CXR, and ABG analysis. The fluid overload will result in crackles or rales. It is essential to document lung sounds and over exactly which lung fields are affected. |
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Term
| Treatment of Acute respiratory failure? |
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Definition
| pulse oximetry monitoring, ABG analysis, oxygen administration, and possibly assisting with intubation. Pulse oximetry may show decreased oxygen saturation but ABG analysis is needed for the most accurate assessment of oxygenation. Metered dose inhalers may be administered to dilate bronchioles and decrease inflammation |
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Term
| How to treat pulmonary edema? |
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Definition
| aimed at correcting the underlying condition, administration of oxygen to relieve dyspnea may be sufficient or the client may require endotracheal intubation. Morphine can be used to bronchodilate and diuretic therapy can be administered intravenously to reduce fluid volume excess. Positive inotropic agents or Natrecor may also be considered to relieve the symptoms of acute heart failure. Positioning the client with the head of bed elevated and lower extremities dangling will decrease venous return and reduce preload. |
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Term
| What is Acute respiratory distress syndrome? |
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Definition
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is disease process that results in a cascade of events that result from an acute lung injury to a client with no previous lung/heart disease |
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Term
| Clinical manifestaion of Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? |
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Definition
| Hypoxia that persists with 100% O2 – also called refractory hypoxemia
Decreased pulmonary compliance – stiff lungs
Sudden and progressive pulmonary edema – that occurs in the absence of left sided heart failre
Dense pulmonary infiltrates – throughout both lung fields
Clinically, the client may display intercostal retractions, crackles in all lung fields, cyanosis, hypotension, tachycardia, restlessness and anxiety as well as rapid shallow breathing.
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Term
| How is Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) diagnoised? |
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Definition
| through physical assessment and refractory hypoxemia, arterial blood gas analysis, CXR, as well as the events leading up to the respiratory failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Supplemental O2 is the first step in the treatment of ARDS. These patients generally require intubation and mechanical ventilation to maintain adequate gas exchange. Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) Patients in ARDS have a tendency to continue to hyperventilate and breathe against the mechanical ventilator - The use of sedation and paralytic medication may be indicated |
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