Term
| What is the air conduction potion or upper respiratory tract consist of? |
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Definition
-Nasal cavity
-Pharynx
-Larynx
-Trachea
-Bronchi & Bronchioles (lined by epithelial goblet cells)
-Contraction of bronchi/bronchioles=asthma |
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Term
| What does the respiratory portion or lower respiratory tract consist of? |
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Definition
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
-alveolar sacs
-alveoli
AIR XCHANGE OCCURS IN ALVEOLI OR EAR SACS |
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Term
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Definition
-Lies above the soft palate
-Pharyngeal tonsil- may enlarge to become adenoids in which it prevents breathing and blocks auditory tubes
-openings of pharyngotympanic tubes |
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Term
| What connects the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx? |
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Definition
| Pharyngotympanic/auditory tube |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the pharyngotympanic/ auditory tube? |
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Definition
| Allows equalization of pressure between middle ear cavity and nasopharynx (think when flying) |
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Term
| What's the pharyngotympanic/auditory tube of children ? |
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Definition
| It's shorter and more horizontal in children predisposing it to infections (OTITIS MEDIA) |
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Term
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Definition
-Extends from soft palate to upper border of epiglottis
-Behind oral cavity & dorsum of tongue
-Bounded superiorly by soft palate
-Inferiorly by base of tongue
-Laterally by palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches |
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Term
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Definition
Upper border of epiglottis to lower border of cricoid cartilage-> continues with esophagus
-Has depression on each side of laryngeal inlet (piriform recess) |
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Term
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Definition
Space between posterior wall of pharynx and muscles covering vertebral column
-Pathway for spread of infection from skull base to mediastinum (MEDIASTINHTIS)
-Site of abscess formation-> Dysphagia-> ruptures-> aspiration pneumonia |
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Term
| respiratory layer of cervical layer |
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Definition
Larynx+ Trachea
-Routes air and food
-Provides airway
-Produces tone for mouth to modify voice |
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Term
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Definition
-Between pharynx and trachea
-C3-C6 Vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
-Connects oropharynx with trachea
-Voice production
-Guards air passages during swallowing; acts as a sphincter or valve for LRT
-Maintains patent airway |
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Term
| Skeleton of larynx (9 cartilages- 3 unpaired and 3 paired) |
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Definition
Thyroid cartilage(paired)
Cricoid cartilage (paired)
Epiglottis cartilage (unpaired)
Arytenoid cartilages (unpaired)
Corniculate cartilages (unpaired)
Cuneiform cartilages (paired) |
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Term
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Definition
-Forms laryngeal prominence/ Adam's apple in males
-Has 2 laminae fused in midline anteriorly
-Forms bilateral cricothyroid joints |
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Term
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Definition
-Signet ring that is broad lamina posteriorly
-Articulates with thyroid cartilage above at cricothyroid joints
-Attached to it on the anterior midline, Cricothyroid ligament |
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Term
| Where is an emergency airway made? |
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Definition
| Cricothyrotomy- on the cricothyroid ligament |
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Term
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Definition
-Landmark for C6
-Carotid tubercle (the enlarged anterior tubercle) is a compression site to control bleeding from carotid arteries and their branches |
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Term
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Definition
-Posterior
-Pyramidal shaped that articulate with superior border of cricoid cartilage lamina
-Vocal ligaments attach to vocal processes |
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Term
| Arytenoid cartilages movements |
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Definition
-Sliding toward or away from each other
-Tilting anteriorly or posteriorly
-Rotating around a vertical axis |
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Term
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Definition
| Covers laryngeal inlet during swallowing |
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Term
| Extrinsic ligaments of the larynx |
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Definition
1) Thyrohyoid membrane
-Lateral thyrohyoid ligaments
-Median thyrohyoid ligament
2) Hyo-epiglottic ligament
3) Cricotracheal ligament |
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Term
| Intrinsic ligaments of the larynx #1 |
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Definition
1) Cricothyroid ligament- thickened to form the vocal ligament which is under the vocal fold or true vocal cords of the larynx
-thickened anteriorly in the midline to form median cricothyroid ligament
-Cricothyrotomy occurs on the median cricothyroid ligament |
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Term
| Intrinsic ligaments of the larynx #2 |
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Definition
| 2) Quadrangular membrane- lower margin forms vestibular ligament (false vocal cords) |
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Term
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Definition
Cricithyroid joints
Cricoarytenoid joints |
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Term
| Laryngeal cavity consists of |
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Definition
| 1) two pairs of mucosal folds: divide into 3 regions -the vestibule -upper part of the chamber -Middle part- very tin and is between vestibular folds and vocal folds -Infraglottic space-Lower most chamber and is between vocal folds and inferior opening of larynx |
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Term
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Definition
| When viewed from above, there is a triangular opening between 2 vestibular folds |
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Term
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Definition
| Vocal folds and adjacent mucosa (covered by arytenoid cartilage) form lateral walls of the narrow triangular opening |
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Term
| What moves rims vestibule and gottidis |
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Definition
| Arytenoid cartilages and associated fibroblastic membranes |
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Term
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Definition
The vocal apparatus of the larynx
-consists of vocal folds and processes, together with rims glottidis
-Shape depends on position of vocal folds |
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Term
| Function of larynx during QUIET RESPIRATION |
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Definition
| -Laryngeal inlet, vestibule, rima vestibule and rima glottides are open. Arytenoid cartilages are abducted and rims glottides is triangular |
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Term
| Function of larynx during FORCED INSPIRATION |
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Definition
| Arytenoid cartilages are rotated laterally mainly by cricoarytenoid muscles; vocal folds are abducted, rims glottides widens into a rhomboid shape; diameter of laryngeal airway increases |
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Term
| Function of larynx during PHONATION |
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Definition
-Vocal folds are adducted and air is forced through the close rims glottidis
-Vocal folds vibrate against each other and produce sounds which are modified by upper parts of the airway and oral cavity
-Tension is controlled by vocals and cricothyroid muscles |
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Term
| Function of larynx during EFFORT CLOSURE |
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Definition
-occurs when air is retained in thoracic cavity (i.e. heavy lifting)
-Rima glottidis is completely closed, as is rima vestibule and lower parts of the vestibule
-Airway is completely and forcefully shut |
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Term
| Function of larynx during SWALLOWING |
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Definition
-Rima glottidis and rima vestibule and vestibule are closed and laryngeal inlet is narrowed
-Larynx moves up and forward thus causing the epiglottis to swing downward toward the arytenoidd cartilages
-Up and forward movement also opens up the esophagus, which is attached to the posterior aspect of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage |
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Term
| Extrinsic laryngeal muscles |
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Definition
1) Infrahyoid muscles- depress hyoid bone and larynx
2) Suprahyoid and stylopharyngeus- elevate hyoid bone and larynx |
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Term
| Intrinsic laryngeal muscles |
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Definition
1) Cricothyroid
2) Thyroarytenoid
3) Posterior cricoarytenoid
4) lateral cricoarytenoid
5) transverse and oblique arytenoids
6) Vocalis |
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Term
| Actions of intrinsic laryngeal muscles |
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Definition
1) Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles- abduct vocal cords
2) Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles- adduct vocal cords
3) Cicothyroid muscles- lengthen and tense vocal cords
4) Vocalis- adjusts the thickness and tension of vocal ligaments |
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Term
| What innervates the intrinsic laryngeal muscles? |
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Definition
| Vagus nerve's recurrent laryngeal muscles to all except CRICOTHYROID MUSCLES, which is innervated by external laryngeal branches |
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Term
| SENSORY innervation for larynx |
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Definition
Also vagus nerves:
Inferior to vocal folds-> Recurrent laryngeal branches
Superior to vocal folds-> Internal laryngeal branches |
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Term
| What are the only muscles that abduct the vocal folds? |
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Definition
| Posterior cricoarytenoid- these can be paralyzed by damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerves |
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Term
| What happens if the internal laryngeal nerves are damaged? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does the trachea divide into right and left primary bronchi? |
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Definition
| at the level if IV disc t4/t5 |
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Term
| Where is an inhaled foreign object more likely to end up and why? |
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Definition
| The right primary bronchus because it is wider and more vertically oriented |
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Term
| What are the involuntary muscles that feel the posterior gap of the trachea called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is an opening made in the trachea during an emergency? |
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Definition
Between first and second tracheal rings or through 2nd-4th rings
-BEWARE of jugular veins, carotid arteries, thyroid veins, and thyroid glands |
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Term
| What does each alveolar duct terminate into? |
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Definition
| 2 to 3 alveolar sacs formed from the confluence of the openings of several alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
air sacs which are the main site of gas exchange
-150-400 million in each lung providing enormous surface area |
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Term
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Definition
-Squamous epithelium that contain 2 cell types:
1) Type 1 pneumocytes-squamous cells that cover 90% of the surface lining
2) Type 2 pneumocytes- located on corners of alveoli; they secrete surfactant to reduce alveolar surface tension and keep alveoli from collapsing |
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Term
| What separates adjacent alveoli? |
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Definition
| Interalveolar septa- consist mainly of lining of adjacent alveoli, abundant capillaries, elastic fibers, and collagen |
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Term
| What passes between inter alveolar septa? |
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Definition
| Dust cells that remove/phaocytose inhaled debris and bacteria |
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Term
| What happens during emphysema? |
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Definition
| Walls of the alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli are destroyed creating large air sacs and reduce surface area available for gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
-Convexes towards thoracic cavity
-musculature is peripheral and radiates from xiphoid process (sternal) |
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Term
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Definition
-Costal cartilages and lower 6 ribs
-2 aponeurotic arches; the medial and lateral arcuate ligaments; and upper 3 lumbar vertebrae
-central tendon- underlies the heart and medial portions of lungs |
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Term
| Canal opening of Diaphragmatic apertures |
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Definition
-Caval opening in the central tendon at the level of IV disc between T8 and T9
-IVC and terminal branches of phrenic nerve transmit through here |
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Term
| Esophageal hiatus of diaphragmatic apertures |
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Definition
-For esophagus at the level of T10
-A/P vagal trunks, esophageal branches of left historic vessels and lympathics also pass through here |
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Term
| Aortic hiatus of diaphragmatic apertures |
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Definition
-Posterior to diaphragm at kevek of T12 vertebra
-transmists aorta, azygous vein, and thoracic duct |
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Term
| Arterial supply of diaphragm |
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Definition
Superior-Musculophrewnic and pericardiophernin and superior phrenic artery branch of aorta
Inferior- inferior phrenic arteries (abdominal aorta) |
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Term
| Venous drainage of diaphragm |
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Definition
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Term
| Motor supply of diaphragm |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensory supply of diaphragm |
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Definition
Centrally- Phrenic nerve
Peripherally- intercostal nerves T5-T11 and subcostal nerves T12 |
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Term
| Referred pain of diaphragm |
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Definition
Ipsilateral Shoulder region C3-C5; same side as phrenic nerve
Skin of costal margins T5-T12 |
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Term
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Definition
| Each innervates 1/2 of the diaphragm (hemidiaphragm) |
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Term
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Definition
| Left phrenic nerve is injured, left hemidiaphragm is injured, left hemidiaphragm will rise during inspiration called paradoxical movement |
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Term
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Definition
Depression- muscle fibers of diaphragm contract
elevation- Diaphragm relaxes
Elevation and depression of ribs change anterior/posterior |
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Term
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Definition
Ribs move upward and forward during inhalation
Ribs move downward and backward during exhalation
Because anterior ends are inferior to posterior ends |
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Term
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Definition
Anterior and posterior ends are lower than the middle ends.
When elevated, middle shafts move laterally and increase lateral dimensions of the thorax. |
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Term
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Definition
-Diaphragm is the primary muscle of inspiration
-Diaphragm contracts
-Volume increases
-Intrathoracic pressure decreases
-Draws air in |
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Term
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Definition
- External intercostal muscles contract elevating ribs upward and forward
- A-P and transverse diameters of thorax increase |
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Term
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Definition
- volume decreases
- Air pressure increase
-Air is forced out
-Quiet expiration involves elastic recoil of lungs/relaxation of diaphragm
-Internal intercostal muscles are involved |
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Term
| Respiration and breathing |
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Definition
-Normal is 12-20 per minute
-Dyspnea- shortness of breath |
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