Term
| Thoracic volume (increases/decreases) as the diaphragm contracts |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscles take part in respiration? How are they innervated? |
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Definition
diaphragm (phrenic)
external intercostals (intercostal nerves) |
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Term
| What drives expiration during quiet breathing? Active breathing? |
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Definition
Quiet: elastic recoil of lungs
Active: elastic recoil + internal intercostals + abdominal muscles |
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Term
| What contributes to elastic recoil of the lungs? |
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Definition
| elastic tissue & surface tension in the alveoli |
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Term
| What contributes to elastic recoil of the thorax? |
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Definition
| musculoskeletal components |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of the ability of the lungs & thorax to expand/distend |
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Term
| What effect does a low compliance level have on lung & thorax expansion? |
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Definition
| makes it more difficult to expand |
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Term
| What might reduce compliance |
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Definition
pulmonary fibrosis, edema
respiratory distress syndrome (less surfactant) |
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Term
| Pleural pressure _____ during inspiration and _____ during expiration |
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Definition
decreases (becomes negative)
increases (become less negative/slightly positive_ |
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Term
| Decreased lung compliance can cause Ppl to become ______ on inspiration |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased lung volume/air flow rate causes Ppl to become ______ on inspiration |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased airway resistance causes Ppl to become ______ on inspiration |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased airway resistance causes Ppl to become ______ on expiration |
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Definition
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Term
| What is anatomic dead space |
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Definition
areas where no gas exchange occurs (air movement only)
from nares to bronchioles |
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Term
| What is alveolar dead space? |
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Definition
| ventilation of poorly perfused alveoli (so gas exchange doesn't work well) |
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Term
| What is physiologic dead space? |
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Definition
| anatomic + alveolar dead space |
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Term
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Definition
Minute ventilation
= tidal volume x breaths per minute |
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Term
| What is dead space vs alveolar ventilation? |
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Definition
dead space ventilation = portion of breath that ventilates dead space
alveolar ventilation = portion of breath that participates in gas exchange |
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Term
True or False
An increase in dead space can drive an increase in tidal volume |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does turbulent flow occur? Laminar? |
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Definition
| turbulant in larger airways, laminar in smaller |
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Term
True or False
It is normal to hear turbulent flow in healthy lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the majority of airway resistance occur? |
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Definition
50-70%
Nasal cavity/pharynx/larynx
40% trachea/bronchi
20% bronchioles |
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Term
| How is airway smooth muscle stimulated to contract |
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Definition
Parasympathetic stimulation of muscarinic receptors by acetycholine
Seratonin
alpha adrenergic agonists
decrease pCO2 in airways
inflammatory mediators |
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Term
| What inflammatory mediators stimulate airway smooth muscle |
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Definition
histamine
thromboxan A2
leukotrienes |
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Term
| How is airway smooth muscle stimulated to dilate? |
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Definition
B2 receptors stimulated by SNS
B2 agonists
nitric oxide
decreased O2 in airways
increased CO2 in airways |
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Term
| What might cause upper airway obstruction? |
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Definition
Physical narrowing (stenotic nares of a pug)
Functional narrowing (soft palate displacement) |
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Term
| What is the major indicator that an animal is having both physical and functional obstruction of the upper airway? |
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Definition
| inspiratory dyspnea & upper airway respiratory noise |
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Term
| What is expiratory dyspnea? |
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Definition
| difficulty breathing on expiration |
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Term
| What causes expiratory dyspnea? |
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Definition
-narrowing of intrathoracic airways (accumulation of secretions, pus, bronchoconstriction)
-collapse of intrathoracic airways e.g. collapsed trachea |
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Term
| Is a collapsed trachea an upper or lower airway obstruction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Shallow, rapid breathing are a sign of.... |
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Definition
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